从“合邦”、“一体”到“大亚细亚主义”——近代日本侵华理论的一种形态

“大东合邦”、“亚细亚一体”、“大亚细亚主义”是近代日本侵华理论的一种重要形态,它与武力犯华论相反相成,形成了日本侵略中国的软硬两种理论形态,其实质都是并吞中国。其中,樽井藤吉的“大东合邦论”主张以日本为盟主在东亚建立“大东国”,其用心就是要中国成为日本的附属国。而小寺谦吉的长达12 0 0多页的《大亚细亚主义论》则集大亚细亚理论之大成,其核心是要中国放弃主权,任由日本来“改造”中国,最终是日本独霸中国和亚洲。“大亚细亚主义”实际上等于“大日本主义”。

日韩合邦与清末国会请愿运动关系研究

日韩合邦是近代东亚秩序重新洗牌的重要事件,对近代中日朝三国乃至远东格局产生了深远影响。而清末国会请愿运动的发生、发展,也与此有着千丝万缕的联系。但这不意味着清季国会请愿浪潮的产生,仅仅是外力驱使下的结果,应是合力作用下的产物,和国内各政治势力的相互博弈与妥协密切相关。然则20世纪初的日韩合邦事件,着实成为影响晚清政治的关键因子,厘清两者间的关系,对于探析清末宪政始末意义重大。

“益友”? “恶友”?——以樽井藤吉及其《大东合邦论》为中心

樽井藤吉及其《大东合邦论》作为所谓早期亚洲主义的典型代表,其中的思想构成与亚洲主义的"健全原型"直接对应。但是,其近代主义的侧面起初便与脱亚论在同一轨道上,对于西洋威胁的强调也与福泽谕吉若合符节,至于合邦的操作方式和理想模版同样都是渡来。合邦的理论前提与合邦中的指导地位除了有赖于从西洋导入的近代文明,也部分源自前近代的非合理的国体神话,这种不存在任何平等自主空间的连带可以说在原初阶段便与通常所说的大亚细亚主义高度相似。此外,樽井在用西洋原理对抗西洋的同时,反过来却用日本替代了东洋,当这样一种他者缺失的视角叠加在平等缺失的观点基础上,就更容易得出对东洋邻国的蔑视情绪。最后需要提及的是,樽井合邦论中的任何思想元素都不是孤立存在的,在把他和福泽谕吉、民权论者等相联系相比较的同时,这本身就提示出亚洲主义原型不健全的原因有着更为复杂的脉络。

樽井藤吉的中国认知

19世纪末20世纪初,日本积极对外扩张,延展在东亚的利权,此时樽井藤吉提出了"亚细亚连带论",即同朝鲜合邦同中国合纵,认为中日合作对抗西方才是"大东合邦"的真实目的。但在日本政府吞并朝鲜、不断拓展在中国的既得利益下,樽井藤吉的中国认知最终变成了一种奢望与美好的愿景。

Federated UKF algorithm for mobile location estimation with TDOA/Doppler measurements

In order to enhance the location estimation performance of mobile station（MS）tracking and positioning, a new method of mobile location optimal estimation based on the federated filtering structure and the simplified unscented Kalman filter （UKF） is presented. The proposed algorithm uses the Singer mobile statement model as the reference system, and the simplified UKF as the subfilters. The subfilters receive the two groups of independently detected time difference of arrival （TDOA） measurement inputs and Doppler measurement inputs, and produce local estimation outputs to the main estimator. Then the main estimator performs the optimal fusion of the local estimation outputs according to the scalar weighted rule, and a global optimal or suboptimal estimation result is achieved. Finally the main estimator gives feedback and reset information to the subfilters and the reference system for next step estimation. In the simulations, the estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with the simplified UKF method with TDOA or Doppler measurement alone. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the location estimation error and variance of the MS, and has favorable performance in both root mean square error（RMSE） and mean error cumulative distribution function（CDF）.

Genotoxicity of Synthetic Food Colorants

A study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity, if any, of the permitted synthetic food colorants used in India. Eight synthetic food colorants namely Erythrosine （E 127）, Tartrazine （E 102）, Ponceau 4R （E 124）, Sunset Yellow FCF （E 110）, Brilliant Blue FCF （E133）, Fast Green FCF （E143）, Carmoisine （E122） and Indigo Carmine （E132） and their combination are used in sweets namely Ladu, Jilebi and Halwa in Calicut and suburban areas of Kerala, in India. The genotoxicity of the colorants alone and in combinations at different concentrations were evaluated by Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus （CBMN） Assay. It was observed that all the above colorants and their combinations could cause genotoxicity to human lymphocytes even at the permissible concentration of 100 ppm as per PFA （Prevention of Food Adulteration） Act of India. The toxicity varied from dye to dye and was proportional to their concentration. Combination of colors showed more toxicity than the individual components. Toxicity could be reduced drastically by reducing the concentration of the dyes at least 50% below the permissible limit. Permitted synthetic food colorants even at the permissible limit should be used with caution. This study demonstrated the need for redefining the permissible limit of the food colorants based on Admissible Daily Intake （ADI） as being practiced in developed countries.

Concurrence and Turnout Effect of Reforms on Electoral Processes in Mexico

Since the 1990s, the turnout in electoral processes has decreased, taking into account the Mexican context with its democratic transition, this decrease started after the 1994 federal election. The drop in turnout in federal elections had its lowest figure during the midterm elections of 2003, it picked up during the electoral process of 2009 and kept the same level of 2012. The change in the electoral turnout pattern for the federal elections in Mexico after 2009 can be explained as the combined effect of the electoral cycle and the concurrence between federal and local elections. Beginning from the hypothesis that there is a close link between institutions and contexts, the purpose of this study is to prove with the analysis of the electoral processes from 1997 to 2012, the effect of the electoral reforms--specifically the one in Article 116 of the Constitution in 2007-on turnout for federal elections of 2009 and 2012.

From the Pictorial Symbols of the Theatre to the Virtual Symbolisation of the Real

In many representative, literary, cinematic, or artistic products of modern civilization, the problem of world＇s reality and the relationship of the subject with it, are seen from different viewpoints, such as the dimension of the utopian perception of a dreamlike or imaginary composition, subconscious creation, but also more complex versions such as computer mediated complete illusion, artificial intelligence, and control of the brain, intrusion, and influence exerted on the thought of the other using modern technology or any combination of all the above. It is thus understood that the issue at hand can be approached from a variety of viewpoints and aspects, such as the philosophical, psychological, psychoanalytical, technological, neurophysiologieal, sociological, literary and so on Our viewpoint is strictly limited to the theatrical dimension and our analysis will prosress based on data comprising the theatrical phenomenon, that is, the illusion, as opposed to virtual reality of modern technology.

The Concept of the Higher/the Lower Energy in the Atmopadesa Satakam of Narayana Guru

The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy （para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti） in the Atmopadesa Satakam （＂One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction＂）, the most important philosophical work of Narayana Guru composed in Malayalam. In order to better understand the issue, the same pair of opposites is discussed at length on the basis of Narayana＇s earlier Malayalam poems--devotional hymns （Siva Satakarn--＂One Hundred Verses on Siva＂, Kah Natakam--＂Dance of Kali＂, and Janani Nava Ratna Manjari--＂Nine Gemmed Bouquet to Mother＂） as well as later Sanskrit philosophical work [Darsuna Mala--＂Garland of Visions＂）. The comparative analysis of these texts demonstrates that--whereas Darsana Mala reflects more or less accurately Vedantic concepts, Atrnopadesa Satakam presents deeply syncretic formation, influenced to a large extent by philosophical systems related to bhakti （devotion）, like Sata or Saiva Siddhanta. The reason for such a state of affairs could be the purpose of Malayalam work destined to become vehicle for instructions given to lower caste people in Kerala. The paper offers an analysis of the relevant passages of the texts accompanied with explanatory notes extracted from the commentarial literature.

Zoning of Far Eastern Seas of Russia for Integrated Nature Management

On the Pacific coast of Russia implementation of the methodology of the integrated nature management has a number of peculiarities. On the one hand, these districts are characterized by severe hydrometeorological conditions. On the other hand, Russia has no applicable legislation on coastal issues. Thus, to prepare informational, theoretical and methodical bases for organization of sustained nature management in coastal zones of the Russian Federation, we developed hierarchy structure of delimitation of coastal areas and recommendations for their development on the basis of nature resource and social-economic zoning. Zoning of the Russian Far East is suggested to include two major directions： （1） planning of sustainable development of the region and （2） solving contradictions between fisheries and productions of oil and gas in the coastal zones.

戊戌政变前的日中结盟活动

甲午战后至戊戌政变发生前夕,日本联华势力在中国展开了多方活动,其内部各支力量在华联结活动及其工作对象之间虽存在区分,但同时也有交流、协作和整合;中国维新力量在呼应日本联华活动中也存在区分和异同,并逐步形成一个颇为广泛的、复杂的日中结盟的组织圈。以此为核心开展的日中结盟活动,在中国的改革问题上形成针对现行体制的激烈指向,中日结盟观对光绪皇帝产生影响并为其所接受,以及维新势力与日本关系的互动与演变等情况,日益引起慈禧及清政府部分官员的警惕,对戊戌政变的发生产生影响。

Nation, Buzu and the Formation of the Huaxia Nation

The nation can be broken down into two categories： ＂ancient nations＂ and ＂modern nations.＂ The ancient Huaxia nation went through two phases in the course of its formation： the self-existent nation and the self-aware nation. The reason the self-existent Huaxia nation1 arose in the Xia and Shang period lies in its unified yet diverse composite state structure that could encompass a variety of buzu within the framework of a dynastic state. The pre-Xia Five Emperors period saw the genesis of the Huaxia nation. During this period, different buzu states were cemented into a diverse yet unified nation-state through a confederation of chiefdoms.

Low humic acids promote in vitro lily bulblet enlargement by enhancing roots growth and carbohydrate metabolism

Bulblet development is a problem in global lily bulb production and carbohydrate metabolism is a crucial factor. Micropropagation acts as an efficient substitute for faster propagation and can provide a controllable condition to explore bulb growth. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of humic acid （HA） on bulblet swelling and the carbohydrate metabolic pathway in Li/ium Oriental Hybrids ＇Sorbonne＇ under in vitro conditions. HA greatly promoted bulblet growth at 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 mg/L, and pronounced increases in bulblet sucrose, total soluble sugar, and starch content were observed for higher HA concentrations （_〉2.0 mg/L） within 45 d after transplanting （DAT）. The activities of three major starch synthetic enzymes （including adenosine 5＇-diphosphate glucose pyro- phosphorylase, granule-bound starch synthase, and soluble starch synthase） were enhanced dramatically after HA application especially low concentration HA （LHA）, indicating a quick response of starch metabolism. However, higher doses of HA also caused excessive aboveground biomass accumulation and inhibited root growth. Accordingly, an earlier carbon starvation emerged by observing evident starch degradation. Relative bulblet weight gradually decreased with increased HA doses and thereby broke the balance between the source and sink. A low HA concentration at 0.2 mg/L performed best in both root and bulblet growth. The number of roots and root length peaked at 14.5 and 5.75 cm respectively. The fresh bulblet weight and diameter reached 468 mg （2.9 times that under the control treatment） and 11.68 mm, respectively. Further, sucrose/starch utilization and conversion were accelerated and carbon famine was delayed as a result with an average relative bulblet weight of 80.09%. To our knowledge, this is the first HA application and mechanism research into starch metabolism in both in vitro and in vivo condition in bulbous crops.