从“五同会”雅集看明代官服的儒士文化

中国国家博物馆藏《五同会图》翔实记录了明中期文官雅集盟会的场面,明朝雅集作为庙堂公务之外的私礼社交,画卷中官员所着青袍和官袍可谓是明朝文官国家制度中儒士文化和翰林文化的物质载体,蕴含着明代官员和儒士的服制伦理信息。本文以实物与文献(图像文献)相结合明代官服标本的“二重证据法”,对“五同会”官袍的解读,发现官服社交不仅是考验明代官员对官场规制、人情世故和儒教修养应变能力的必修课,还是表达仰惟国家列圣相承政治抱负的徽帜。本文提出深谙私礼雅集文化和官服制度的儒士智慧就体现在青袍和官袍的运作之中,或是明朝儒臣势力自觉鸣谦意识和时局判断力的体现与儒士“经权之道”物化的实证。

中国国家博物馆藏《五同会图》研究兼及现存版本对比

根据明代官员雅集图的绘制及收藏传统,明人《五同会图》应该有五卷,而现存《五同会图》有故宫本、上博本和国博本。其中故宫本的知晓程度比较高,应为陈璚家嘉庆年间所得藏本,国家博物馆所藏应为明代本,上博本应为吴宽家旧本。本文对中国国家博物馆藏《五同会图》进行具体研究;同时对现存三个版本的图像及题跋信息进行对比,分析其异同、流传及相关问题。

会计控制系统的特征及现金内部控制系统设计

一、会计控制系统的特征 会计控制系统所应具备的特征,一方面要受到内部控制系统目标的制约,另一方面要能够对会计控制系统的有效控制性进行检测。一般而言,“内部控制是企业内部为了保护它的资产,核对会计数据的准确可靠性,促进经营效率,鼓励坚持既定管理方针,而采用的组织方案以及互相协调的全部方法与措施。”①这一包含会计控制和行政控制两个方面含义的解释,从某种意义上讲也为我们指出了内部控制系统的目标。企、事业单位内部控制系统的目标是: 1、确保既定力针的贯彻执行,不断提高经营效率和经济效益;

玉延秋馆藏《明清文人十像册》摹绘追踪——从法式善摹制李东阳像说起

法式善博学嗜古,热衷于寻古、访古,每见前贤肖像,“不啻饥渴寤寐从之”,并倩人摹绘。嘉庆十二年(1807),法式善得见《五同会图》卷、《遂园禊饮图》卷,遂邀请扬州画家朱文新摹制,以为膜拜瞻仰,进而追求心灵慰藉。玉延秋馆旧藏《明清文人十像册》无名无款,向来不被重视。然通过梳理,其图像来源、摹绘时间、作者等若干细节露出端倪,有益地补充了法式善的绘画生活图景。

元代驿站、客馆的建设及经济文化交流

元代的驿站交通非常发达,在中外使臣往来、经济文化交流、丝绸之路畅通等方面起到了重要作用。元代对馆驿的建设也比以往各个朝代更为重视。会同馆不仅是接待外国使臣的中央客馆,同时,也是诸国使臣、商人进行官方贸易的场所。元代海上、陆路丝绸之路非常畅通,元代驿站、客馆的建设使国内驿站交通网与陆海丝绸之路相连接,有效地推动了元代与中亚、西亚、欧洲,以及东亚世界之间的经济文化交流。

颅脑损伤患者治疗及预后临床分析

目的探讨不同方法治疗颅脑损伤的适应证和注意事项,为临床提供科学的诊疗证据。方法选取诊治的急性颅脑损伤患者86例,所有患者根据治疗方法不同分为开颅组(28例)、微创组(30例)和保守组(28例),分别采用开颅血肿清除去骨瓣减压术、颅内血肿微创清除术及保守治疗,观察患者的预后情况。结果开颅组、微创组和保守组总有效率为89.29%、93.33%、92.86%,3组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组并发症发生例数以及复发例数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者治疗后1、3、7 d的颅内压均明显下降,其中微创组的下降程度明显优于开颅组和保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);微创组治疗后1、3、7 d的Glasgow昏迷评分均低于开颅组和保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,开颅组和微创组的对侧血肿厚度及中线移位情况有明显变化,开颅组和微创组与保守组的血肿厚度及中线移位情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且微创组变化情况要大于开颅组(P<0.05)。保守组患者住院时间长于开颅组和微创组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论抢救生命是实施手术治疗的基本原则,通过治疗,阻止患者脑疝发生与恶化,缓解颅高压症状,清除颅内血肿。症状较轻患者进行脑膜修补,临床上需要依据患者病情的具体情况针对性的选择治疗方法,从而为患者制定合理的治疗方案。

要重视经常项目外汇帐户管理

随着外汇体制改革的不断深入,我国实现了人民币经常项目可兑换,人民币经常项目从有条件的可兑换到可兑换,主要是通过银行结售汇制来运作的,而经常项目外汇帐户的管理则是保障这项改革工作正常运转的重要环节。

On Different Categories of Cybercrime in China

Cybercrimes have become an eye-catching social problem in not only China but also other countries of the world. Cybercrimes can be divided into two categories and different kinds of cybercrimes shall be treated differently. In this article, some typical cybercrimes are introduced in detail in order to set forth the characteristics of those cybercrimes. However, to defeat cybercrimes, joint efforts from countries all over the world shall be made.

Self-endangering:A qualitative study on psychological mechanisms underlying nurses’burnout in long-term care

Objectives To develop a more specific understanding of psychological mechanisms in the development of burnout in long-term care as a basis for potential new intervention strategies aiming at improving nurses’mental health.Methods Two qualitative studies with thematic analysis were conducted.In Study 1,we conducted eight group interviews with 110 nurses from May–July 2019 in the context of workshops at eight nursing homes in Germany.In Study 2,we supplemented these with semi-structured interviews with 14 executives at German nursing homes in December 2019.Results The thematic analysis in Study 1 identified three main themes:causes of challenges,employees’opportunities for change,and organisational opportunities for change.Thematic analysis in Study 2 identified three main themes:job motives,reasons for filling in for others,and employee self-care.Further,our results show that the need to stand in for colleagues,in particular,is one of the greatest challenges for geriatric caregivers.In dealing with these challenges we found that self-endangering behaviour—a diminished ability to say no when asked to fill in or to do work overtime—was an important antecedent of nurses’burnout.Further,high levels of altruistic motivation and identification with the team or organisation were associated with self-endangering behaviour in the presence of adverse working conditions.Low levels of self-worth are a further risk factor for self-endangering.Conclusions Our findings are at odds with some core tenets of classic models of job demands and burnout that construe motivation and identification as resources.Our results show the need of a holistic intervention program in nursing including individual coaching,team-based interventions and organisational development processes.Employees themselves should be sensitized to this issue and supported in the long term,and politicians should create structures that do not encourage this behaviour any further.

Foreign Trade and Social Inequity in the Andean Community of Nations CAN

This paper was made using a descriptive analysis of some indicators from the data basis of Economic Commission for Latin America （CEPAL）, CEPAL and answers the question： Have there been enough foreign trade dynamics during the last years （1999-2006） in order to reduce social inequality gaps？ The results here shown correspond to the first stage of a research that relates poverty to countries＇ economic productivity. The article presents foreign trade, economic growth, and social inequality overview in the countries of the Andean Community of Nations during the years 1999-2006. In considering this period, the last international crisis is overlooked, but it takes in account the importance of the Millennium Development Goals set by the UNDP. The analysis of the basic indicators reflects that the dynamics of economic integration and foreign trade do not translate into better social equality and poverty reduction. This paper shows an economic and social contrast obtained from the results by countries of the Andean Community of Nations （CAN） during the years 1999-2006, comprised by Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela, though the last country is not currently part of CAN. These indicators are exports, imports, relative commercial balance, gross domestic product, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, GINI index, population, urban development index, and poverty. The paper presents a succinct conceptual framework where the relationship between foreign trade and social inequality is established, from which the description and analysis of the proposed indicators is formulated, permitting the establishing of an apparent practical connection between economic behavior and social results from the CAN countries.

Are we leveling the playing field？ Trends and disparities in sports participation among sexual minority youth in Canada

Purpose: Sports participation and physical fitness are widely beneficial for young people, yet activity levels among young people are declining.Despite growing popular media attention on the participation of sexual minority(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) youth in sports and various campaigns to improve the often homophobic climate of sports, there is limited evidence that sexual minority youth participate in sports. Our aim was to provide a current portrait of sports participation among 3 groups of sexual minority youth(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) in British Columbia, Canada, as well as to document population trends.Methods: Pooled population-level data from British Columbia, Canada(n = 99,373) were used to examine trends and disparities in sports participation among sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine changes in participation over time and disparities in participation over time(1998—2013).Results: We found an overall decline in sports participation and physical activity(PA) for all youth. Sexual minority students were less likely to participate in formal sports(with a coach) and informal sports(without a coach) compared with their heterosexual peers. The disparity in participating in informal sports between heterosexual and sexual minority youth has narrowed over time for some sexual orientation groups, whereas the disparity in participating in formal sports has widened over time in some cases.Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive examination of sports participation among sexual minority youth over the past 15 years.Despite changing societal attitudes and laudable efforts to reduce homophobia in sports, results suggest that there are continued barriers to participation for sexual minority youth. Further research is needed to understand the factors that limit sports participation for these youth and to inform program development. PA is critical to lifelong health and well-being, and thus continued efforts are needed to increase the sports participation of sexual minority youth in particular.

Instructions to authors

GENERAL INFORMATIONWorld Journal of Gastroenterology （World J Gastroenterol ISSN 1007-9327 CN 14-1219/R） is a weekly open-access （OA） peer reviewed journal supported by an editorial board consisting of 1179 experts in gastroenterology and hepatology from 60 countries.

Instructions to authors

GENERAL INFORMATIONWorld Journal of Gastroenterology （World J Gastroenterol ISSN 1007-9327 CN 14-1219/R） is a weekly open-access （OA） peer-reviewed journal supported by an editorial board consisting of 1179 experts in gastroenterology and hepatology from 60 countries.

Progress billing method of accounting for long-term construction contracts

This article questions the reliability of the amount of revenue recognized in the percentage of completion （POC） method of revenue recognition in construction industry and recommends a new method based on the progress billing which is more reliable. The most commonly used method of revenue recognition in the construction industry is the percentage of completion method （POC）, where the revenue is recognized on the basis of the percentage of work completed. The calculation of percentage of work completed is made on the basis of the cost incurred for the contract work during the financial period and the cost required for completion of the work as estimated by the contractor. Here, the acceptance of the product by the buyer （contractee） is not involved in recognizing the revenue. The reliability of the amount of revenue and its collectability can be assured only when the buyer accepts the product. The approval of the progress bill by the contractee is needed to assure the reliability and collectability and it must be the event that triggers the recognition of revenue.

The Social Limitations in the Development of Asian American Literature

This paper traces the social limitations in the development of Asian American literature. The label ＂Asian American literature＂ is so instrumental in instituting the literature, can also regulate creativity. As a strategic term and group identification, ＂Asian American＂ lends itself to the illusion of unity and homogeneity. Scholars differ in the way they elect to demarcate Asian American literature. One of the fundamental barriers to understanding and appreciating Asian American literary expression has been the existence of race stereotypes about Asians in American popular culture. For many Asian American writers, ethnic authenticity is a necessary but weak choice Most early immigrant writers write to challenge the negative view of Asia in the West and see themselves as ambassadors of goodwill to the West. The purpose is to mark difference as exotica and appeal to the benign curiosity of the Western readers while appeal to notions of universal humanity. This type of strong ethnic quotient writing continues to exist in various guises even today. The trade publishers have a predilection for Asian American personal narratives that stress the ＂model minority＂ discourse, ＂good workers＂ image, and Asian Americans＇ ability to accommodate to the basic rules of American society. Asian American writers never stop attempting to build bridges. But we should remind ourselves that boundary crossing must not be merely an aesthetic and intellectual exercise .

Homophobia and Labor Market： Some Social-Economic AspectsHomophobia and Labor Market： Some Social-Economic Aspects

The sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market is a cause of failure and a source of inequity in the distribution of income and wealth. Discriminatory treatment of people belonging to a minority group leads to lower wages, and it interferes with their promotions and their productivity. The victims of discrimination are often professionally unvalued, and this can cause their eventual lack of growth for both position and salary, notwithstanding their abilities and creativeness would give a great impulse to the economics. In addition to this, the emotional and physical stress linked to （he concealing strategies of people, who are apt to conceal their homosexuality, increases their feelings of discomfort in the labor market. This paper analyzes the relation between sexual orientation and discrimination in the labor market from the theoretical and empirical points of view. It studies the results of a survey carried out in southern Italy and is based on the sample of 200 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender （GLBT） employees.

George Lamming＇s In the Castle of My Skin： A Littoral Figure Discovers Self-Identity and Authorial Language

In In the Castle of My Skin （hereafter Castle） （1983）, the littoral as trope provides a means for discovering Lamming＇s authorial license, one that speaks to postcolonial and phenomenological aims. In this semi-autobiographical novel, Lamming examines self-awareness and the process through which language and self-analysis may take shape on or be inspired by the shore＇s edge. Through the telling of personal stories, discussions of a colonial history, and with allusions to the social privations affecting the immediate community, Lamming represents the changing realities, the main characters （＂G＂ and his friends） experience as they become socially aware; he highlights this transformative rise to consciousness through the use of littoral imagery in Chapters Six, Eleven, and Fourteen. In this essay, the author explores these representations using postcolonial, psychoanalytical, and phenomenological approaches, giving particular attention to Chapter Six, the longer chapter where Lamming creates a blueprint of the issues to which he will return in Chapters Eleven and Fourteen. Castle epitomizes the ways in which the littoral as trope has the potential to symbolically impact an author＇s text, especially a means for crafting an authorial language that demonstrates a young man＇s rise to consciousness and self-actualization on the shorelines of Barbados before he emigrates abroad.

Domestic Living Space Furnishings, Culture Identity, and Media

Consumption is an active process that engages the social world for individuals to make use of certain products. For many, the living room is the locus of product use, social activities, cultural values, and the personal narrative of the people who live in it. Consumers engage with their furniture in order for it to function effectively for them： It is thus used to furnish both the home and the self as well. Creating a certain living space with a particular use of furniture and interior decoration is the precise way in which the resident forms its arrangements, and builds a relationship with the surrounding objects in that living space. This activity, I argue, positions the residents in the process of presenting their personality characteristics and cultural identity. The Ethnographic approach is most appropriate methodology for research into such a personal area： the living room within the domestic environment. The topic of this research falls between different fields of studies including consumerism and media. This research reviews the influence of advertising in magazines and furniture shops on the meaning of living space design and how that encourages higher levels of consumption.

Household Income and Expenditure Relationships： A Simultaneous Equation Approach

Income and expenditure are highlighted in this study as they currently affect the quality of life of the Malaysian society. In the Ninth Malaysia Plan （2006-2010） poverty eradication was emphasized as one of the socio-economic targets to uplift those poor households from the fast moving modern sectors of the economy. The primary objective of this paper is therefore to identify income and expenditure relationships among the households of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the current economic downturn. Attempts to analyze household consumption as a share of total income and to identify factors contributing to household income and expenditure have become a topic of interest in literature. A substantial portion of household income devoted to productive loans characterizes the majority of Malaysians as the economy progresses to a more advance stage. A significant and strong relationship between income and types of household expenditure is explored from the socio-economic perspectives. Using primary data a system of simultaneous equations, namely the two stage least squares （2SLS） was applied. This paper identifies crucial variables associated with the income and expenditure. Some of these variables showing high correlation with the total expenditure are the housing loan, automobile loan and educational expenditure.