北京山区侧柏林生长旺季蒸散组分δ^(18)O日变化及其定量区分

侧柏是北京山区分布范围较广的典型针叶树种,研究侧柏林生长旺季蒸散过程及蒸散组分变化特征对了解该区陆地生态系统水汽交换、植被耗水需求具有重要意义。本研究利用稳定同位素技术于生长旺季(2016年8月)对侧柏林大气水汽δ^(18)O进行原位连续观测,同时选取4个典型晴天采集枝条和土壤样品并测定样品水中的δ^(18)O。结果表明:日尺度上,利用Craig-Gordon模型计算的土壤蒸发水汽氧同位素组成(δ_E)在4个测定日中均先增大后减小,δ_E介于-5.968%^-2.689%,最大峰值出现在12:00—14:00,而近地面大气相对湿度(h)先减小后增大,二者关系为δ_E=-0.03h^2+4.85h-209.5(R^2=0.55,n=32),表明h>75%时,环境相对湿度越大,同位素分馏效应越明显;基于稳态假设估算的植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δ_T)和Keeling曲线拟合的侧柏林蒸散水汽氧同位素组成(δ_(ET))分别介于-1.210%^-0.951%、-1.599%^-1.004%,日变化趋势复杂,日间变化差异大,但同一观测日内δ_T和δ_(ET)变化趋势基本一致,表明植物蒸腾非稳态可能对δ_T的估算产生偏离,δ_(ET)变化主要受δ_T影响;4个测定日中蒸腾量占总蒸散量的比例(F_T)介于90.14%~92.63%,说明研究区侧柏林生态系统生长旺季蒸散发绝大部分来自植物蒸腾。研究结果确定了基于日尺度的生长旺季植被蒸腾对蒸散的贡献率,为研究陆地生态系统水汽交换机制提供了有益参考,为区域森林生态建设和管理提供了科学依据。

Trophic Ecology of Sharks in the Mid-East Pacific Ocean Inferred from Stable Isotopes

As apex predators, sharks are of ecological and conservation importance in marine ecosystems. In this study, trophic positions of sharks were estimated using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen for five representative species caught by the Chinese longline fleet in the mid-east Pacific, i.e., the blue shark （Prionace glauca）, the bigeye thresher shark （Alopias superciliosus）, the silky shark （Carcharhinus falciformis）, the scalloped hammerhead （Sphyrna lewini）, and the oceanic whitetip shark （Car-charhinus longimanus）. Of these species, oceanic whitetip shark has the lowest trophic level and mean 815N value （3.9 and 14.93%o± 0.84%o）, whereas bigeye thresher shark has the highest level/values （4.5 and 17.02%o±1.21%o, respectively）. The bigeye thresher shark has significantly higher 515N value than other shark species, indicating its higher trophic position. The blue shark and oceanic whitetip shark has significantly higher 813C values than bigeye thresher shark, silky shark and scalloped hammerhead, possibly due to different diets and/or living habitats. The stable isotope data and stomach content data are highly consistent, suggesting that sta-ble isotope analysis supplements traditional feeding ecology study of sharks, and thus contributes to understanding their trophic linkage.

Application of Stable Isotope Techniques in Studies of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Cycles of Ecosystem

Stable isotope techniques have been proved useful as tools for studying the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem. This paper firstly introduced the basic principles and the distribution characteristics of stable isotope, then reviewed the recent advances and applications of stable isotope in the C and N biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem. By applying the 13 C natural abundance technique, ecologists are able to understand the photosynthetic path and CO 2 fixation of plants, the CO 2 exchange and C balance status of ecosystem, the composition, distribution and turnover of soil organic C and the sources of organic matter in food webs, while by using the 13 C labeled technique, the effects of elevated CO 2 on the C processes of ecosystem and the sources and fate of organic matter in ecosystem can be revealed in detail. Differently, by applying the 15 N natural abundance technique, ecologists are able to analyze the biological N 2 -fixation, the N sources of ecosystem, the N transformation processes of ecosystem and the N trophic status in food webs, while by using the 15 N labeled technique, the sources, transformation and fate of N in ecosystem and the effects of N input on the ecosystem can be investigated in depth. The applications of both C and N isotope natural abundance and labeled techniques, combined with the elemental, other isotope ( 34 S) and molecular biomarker information, will be more propitious to the investigation of C and N cycle mechanisms. Finally, this paper concluded the problems existed in current researches, and put forward the perspective of stable isotope techniques in the studies on C and N biogeochemical cycles of ecosystem in the future.

Natural Nitrogen-15 Abundance of Ammonium Nitrogen and Fixed Ammonium in Soils

The present article deals with the natural nitrogen-15 abundance of ammonium nitrogen and fixed ammonium in different soils. Variations in the natural 15N abundance of ammonium nitrogen mineralized in soils under anaerobic incubation condition were related to soil pH. The δ 15N of mineralizable N in acid soils was lower but that in neutral and calcareous soils was higher compared with the δ 15N of total N in the soils. A variation tendency was also found in the δ 15N of amino-acid N in the hydrolysates of soils. The natural 15N abundance of fixed ammonium was higher than that of total N in most surface soils and other soil horizons, indicating that the increase of δ 15N in the soil horizons beneath subsurface horizon of some forest soils and acid paddy soils was related to the higher δ 15N value of fixed ammonium in the soil.

Stable isotope evidence for trophic niche partitioning in a South African savanna rodent community

Species＇ partitioning of resources remains one of the most integral components for understanding community assem- bly. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in animal tissues has the potential to help resolve patterns of partitioning be- cause these proxies represent the individual＇s diet and trophic niche, respectively. Using free-ranging rodents in a southern Afri- can savanna as a model community, we find that syntopic species within habitats occupy distinct isotope niches. Moreover, spe- cies with strongly overlapping isotope niches did not overlap in their spatial distribution patterns, suggesting an underlying effect of competitive exclusion. Niche conservatism appears to characterize the behaviour of most species in our sample - with little or no observed changes across habitats - with the exception of one species, Mastomys coucha. This species displayed a generalist distribution, being found in similar abundances across a variety of habitats. This spatial pattern was coupled with a generalist isotope niche that shifted across habitats, likely in response to changes in species composition over the same spatial gradient. The case for M. coucha supports contentions that past competition effects played a significant evolutionary role in shaping community structures of today, including the absence of strong interspecific niche overlaps within particular habitats. Our study highlights the value of stable isotope approaches to help resolve key questions in community ecology, and moreover introduces novel ana- lytical approaches to quantifying isotope niche breadths and niche overlaps that are easily comparable with traditional metrices

Source of the condensates from the Hetianhe Field and the genetic relationship between the condensates and their associated gases

A detailed correlation of Hetianhe condensates versus typical source rocks from the Tarim Basin was established. Moreover, the genetic relationship between the condensates and their associated gases was also studied based on their geochemical com- positions and fluid inclusion data. Hetianhe condensates are characterized by high pristine/phytane （Pr/Ph） ratios, high relative abundances of Czs regular steranes, C26-C27 triaromatic steroids, and triaromatic dinosteranes, and relatively heavy stable car- bon isotopic compositions. They geochemically correlate well with the Cambrian source rocks, indicating that these conden- sates are derived from the Cambrian rocks. Based on several molecular maturity parameters, the condensates are recognized as being moderately to highly mature, which are too low in maturity to extensively crack into gases. The gases and condensates of the Hetianhe Field are derived from the same source rocks and the gases are from oil-cracking; however, clear evidence indi- cates that the gases were not cracked from their associated condensates and that the gas generation from oil-cracking did not occur in the present reservoirs. The liquid condensates produced from wellheads were likely dissolved in their associated gases underground and carried into the reservoirs by the gases.