汉日接触语言学视阈下的日语民族主义——论山田孝雄的语言同化观

日本近代国语学者山田孝雄使用语言同化观分析受古汉语深度影响下的日语。其语言同化观与国体论、国语观组成一个整体,是在与欧化思想、尊崇汉学思想对抗的社会背景里,以具有侵略性的民族主义为基础构建出来的。其语言同化观只能将汉日语言接触研究引入歧途。

日本侵略中国台湾时期的语言同化政策——根据伊泽修二的同化观进行阐述

伊泽修二于1895年6月-1897年7月日本侵略中国台湾时期出任当时首任学务部长,是台湾语言同化教育政策的重要制定者。研究发现,伊泽修二的同化观形成深受“国家主义教育观”“国体论”的影响,同时还有对西方列强殖民经验教训的借鉴。以及日本用同化手段对台湾进行“统合”时,与强调“单一血统、单一民族”的“国体论”发生冲突。另外,伊泽修二的同化施策不符合殖民者经济利益和统治安全利益,因而遭到多方质疑、否定。国家主义、语言学、教育理论的组合与对立,作为近代日本语言政策的基本特征愈发显著,这些内部裂痕决定了日本据台期间同化政策的方向与结局。

新疆高校地方特色课程对大学生文化观的影响研究

《新疆历史与民族宗教理论政策教程》是最具有中国特色、新疆地方性特色的课程,开设此课的目的是为了提高大学生思想、牢固树立马克思主义"五观"理论。为了解课程对大学生文化观的教育效果,选取民族班大学生进行研究发现,课程开设后,少数民族大学生的多元文化观显著提高了。居住格局、家庭语言交流类型、上大学前的学习模式等个体变量会影响文化观的提高程度。

Real-data assimilation experiment with a joint data assimilation system: assimilating carbon dioxide mole fraction measurements from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite

The performance of a joint data assimilation system（Tan-Tracker）,which is based on the PODEn4 Dvar assimilation method,in assimilating Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite（GOSAT） carbon dioxide（CO2） data,was evaluated.Atmospheric 3D CO2 concentrations and CO2 surface fluxes（CFs） from2010 were simulated using a global chemistry transport model（GEOS-Chem）.TheTan-Tracker system used the simulated CO2 concentrations and fluxes as a background field and assimilated the GOSAT column average dry-air mole fraction of CO2（X（CO2）） data to optimize CO2 concentrations and CFs in the same assimilation window.Monthly simulated X（CO2）（X（CO2）Sim）） and assimilated X（CO2）（X（CO2）,TT） data retrieved at different satellite scan positions were compared with GOSAT-observed X（CO2）（X（CO2）,obs）data.The average RMSE between the monthly X（CO2）,TT and X（CO2）,Obs data was significantly（30%） lower than the average RMSE between X（CO2）,Sim and X（CO2）,Obs）.Specifically,reductions in error were found for the positions of northern Africa（the Sahara）,the Indian peninsula,southern Africa,southern North America,and western Australia.The difference between the correlation coefficients of the X（CO2）,Sim）and X（CO2）,Obs and those of the X（CO2）Π）,TT and X（CO2）,Obs was only small.In general,the Tan-Tracker system performed very well after assimilating the GOSAT data.

Influence of assimilating ground-based microwave radiometer data into the WRF model on precipitation

Ground-based microwave radiometers profilers(MWRPs)have been used in numerical weather prediction(NWP)systems and show different impacts on forecasts.Currently,there are around hundreds of ground-based MWPRs used in weather stations over China;however,the application of MWPRs in NWP systems is rather limited.In this work,two MWRP retrieved profiles were assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model for a rainstorm event that occurred in Beijing,China.The quality of temperature and humidity profiles retrieved from the MWRP was evaluated against radiosonde observations and showed the reliability of the two MWRP products.Then,comparisons between the measurements of ground-based rain gauges and the corresponding forecasted precipitation in different periods of the rainstorm were investigated.The results showed that assimilating the two MWRPs affected the distribution and intensity of rainfall,especially in the early stage of the rainstorm.With the development of the rainstorm,adding MWRP data showed only a slight influence on the precipitation during the stable and mature period of the rainstorm,since the two MWRP observations were too limited to affect the large area of heavy rainfall.

TAMDAR Observation Assimilation in WRF 3D-Var and Its Impact on Hurricane Ike (2008) Forecast

This study evaluates the impact of atmospheric observations from the Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) observing system on numerical weather prediction of hurricane Ike (2008) using three-dimensional data assimilation system for the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model (WRF 3D-Var). The TAMDAR data assimilation capability is added to WRF 3D-Var by incorporating the TAMDAR observation operator and corresponding observation processing procedure. Two 6-h cycling data assimilation and forecast experiments are conducted. Track and intensity forecasts are verified against the best track data from the National Hurricane Center. The results show that, on average, assimilating TAMDAR observations has a positive impact on the forecasts of hurricane Ike. The TAMDAR data assimilation reduces the track errors by about 30 km for 72-h forecasts. Improvements in intensity forecasts are also seen after four 6-h data assimilation cycles. Diagnostics show that assimilation of TAMDAR data improves subtropical ridge and steering flow in regions along Ike's track, resulting in better forecasts.

Assimilating Amounts of Precipitation Using a New Four-Dimensional Variational Method

Observations of accumulated precipitation are extremely valuable for effectively improving rainfall analysis and forecast. It is, however, difficult to use such observations directly through sequential assimilation methods, such as three-dimensional variational data assimilation or an Ensemble Kalman Filter. In this study, the authors illustrate a new approach that makes effective use of precipitation data to improve rainfall forecast. The new method directly obtains an optimal solution in a reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model; it also avoids the implementation of tangent linear model and its adjoint. A lot of historical samples are produced as the ensemble of precipitation observations with the fully nonlinear forecast model. The results show that the new approach is capable of extracting information from precipitation observations to improve the analysis and forecast. This method provides comparable performance with the standard fourdimensional variational data assimilation at a much lower computational cost.

The Impact of "Bad" Argo Profiles on Ocean Data Assimilation

Recent studies have found cold biases in a fraction of Argo profiles (hereinafter referred to as bad Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (Argo) profiles) due to the pressure drifts during 2003 and 2006. These bad Argo profiles have had an important impact on in situ observation-based global ocean heat content esti- mates. This study investigated the impact of bad Argo profiles on ocean data assimilation results that were based on observations from diverse ocean observation systems, such as in situ profiles (e.g., Argo, expendable bathy- thermograph (XBT), and Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO), remote-sensing sea surface temperature products and satellite altimetry between 2004 and 2006. Results from this work show that the upper ocean heat content analysis is vulnerable to bad Argo profiles and demon- strate a cooling trend in the studied period despite the multiple independent data types that were assimilated. When the bad Argo profiles were excluded from the as- similation, the decreased heat content disappeared and a warming occurred. Combination of satellite altimetry and mass variation data from gravity satellite demonstrated an increase, which agrees well with the increased heat con- tent. Additionally, when an additional Argo profile quality control procedure was utilized that simply removed the profiles that presented static unstable water columns, the results were very similar to those obtained when the bad Argo profiles were excluded from the assimilation. This indicates that an ocean data assimilation that uses multiple data sources with improved quality control could be less vulnerable to a major observation system failure, such as a bad Argo event.

Clinical observation of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT) with concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of recurrent cervical cancers

Objective： The aim of the study was to explore the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3D- CRT） combined with TP concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of recurrent cervical cancers. Methods： From May 2005 to May 2009, 36 patients with recurrent cervical cancer were treated by 3D-CRT of 60-66 Gy and TP （docetaxel 70 mg/m^2, d1; cisplatin 20 mg/m^2, dl-d3; 21 days per cycle, totally 2 cycles） concurrent chemotherapy. Results： All of the patients had finished the 3D-CRT, the total response rate, complete response rate and partial response rate were 80.0% （28/35）, 45.7% （16/35）, and 34.3% （12/35）, respectively. The pain-alleviation rate was 91.4% （32/35）. The hemorrhage control rate was 94.3% （33/35）. The median overall survival was 21.2 months. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 54.3%, 37.1% and 22.8%, respectively. The life qualities of the patients were improved, without any treatment related death. Conclusion： Radiotherapy is effective and well-tolerated for recurrent cervical cancers, and it can promote regional control of the disease and prolong survival time.

Assimilating the LAI Data to the VEGAS Model Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter: An Observing System Simulation Experiment

Information on the spatial and temporal patterns of surface carbon flux is crucial to understanding of source/sink mechanisms and projection of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate. This study presents the construction and implementation of a terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation system based on a dynamic vegetation and terrestrial carbon model Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil(VEGAS) with an advanced assimilation algorithm, the local ensemble transform Kalman filter(LETKF, hereafter LETKF-VEGAS). An observing system simulation experiment(OSSE) framework was designed to evaluate the reliability of this system, and numerical experiments conducted by the OSSE using leaf area index(LAI) observations suggest that the LETKF-VEGAS can improve the estimations of leaf carbon pool and LAI significantly, with reduced root mean square errors and increased correlation coefficients with true values, as compared to a control run without assimilation. Furthermore, the LETKF-VEGAS has the potential to provide more accurate estimations of the net primary productivity(NPP) and carbon flux to atmosphere(CFta).

Clinical observation in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of postoperative cerebral gliomas

Objective:The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) combined with Temozolomide (TMZ) concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of postoperative cerebral gliomas by prospective randomized controlled trials. Methods: Sixty-two patients with cerebral glioma who had residual tumor were divided into 3D-CRT group (radiotherapy group, n=31) and 3D-CRT with concurrent chemotherapy group (chemoradiotherapy group, n=31) prospectively. All patients received a dose of 50-60 Gy/25-30 F/5-6 weeks by 6 MV-X ray, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 1 f/d, 5 times a week. Chemotherapy regimen was Temozolomide:75 mg/m2/d, concomitantly with radiotherapy, followed by 150-200 mg/m2/d, 5 days, 28 days per cycle, totally 3-6 cycles. Results: The total response rate was 35.3% (11/31) in radiotherapy group. The response rate was 61.3% (19/31) in chemoradiotherapy group. There was significant difference in curative effect (P=0.042). There was no significant difference in survival comparison of two groups (P=0.263). Stratified analysis showed the patients with grade Ⅲ gliomas of chemoradiotherapy group had better prognosis than ones of radiotherapy group (P=0.043). Conclusion: The 3D-CRT with concurrent chemotherapy can improve the survival of cerebral gliomas with pathological grade Ⅲ.

An effective genetic algorithm to VDA with discontinuous “on-off” switches

With more and more improvements of atmosphere or ocean models,a growing number of physical processes in the form of parameterization are incorporated into the models,which,on the one hand,makes the models capable of describing the at-mospheric or oceanic movement more precisely,and on the other hand,introduces non-smoothness in the form of "on-off" switches into the models."On-off" switches enhance the nonlinearity of the models and finally result in the loss of the effec-tiveness of variational data assimilation(VDA) based on the conventional adjoint method(ADJ).This study,in virtue of the optimization ability of a genetic algorithm(GA) for non-smooth problems,presents a new GA(referred to as GA NEW) to solve the problems of the VDA with discontinuous "on-off" processes.In the GA-NEW,adaptive selection and mutation oper-ators,blend crossover operator,and elitist strategy are combined in application.In order to verify the effectiveness and feasi-bility of the GA NEW in VDA,an idealized model of partial differential equation with discontinuous "on-off" switches in the forcing term is adopted as the governing equation.By comparison with the ADJ,it is shown that the GA NEW in VDA is more effective and can yield better assimilation retrievals.In addition,VDA experiments demonstrate that the performance of a GA is greatly related to the configuration of genetic operators(selection,crossover and mutation operators) and much better results may be attained with more proper genetic operations.Furthermore,the robustness of the GA NEW to observational noise,model errors and observation density is investigated,and the results show that the GA NEW has stronger robustness than the ADJ with respect to all the three observation noises,model errors,and sparse observation.

Homogenization for Periodic Heterogeneous Materials with Arbitrary Position-Dependent Material Properties

We present a rigorous homogenization approach for elcient computation of a class of physical problems in a one-dimensional periodic heterogeneous material. This material is represented by a spatially periodic array of unit cells with a length of More specifically, the method is applied to the diffusion, heat conduction, and wave propagation problems. Heterogeneous materials can have arbitrary position-dependent continuous or discontinuous materials properties （for example heat conductivity） within the unit cell. The final effective model includes both effective properties at the leading order and high-order contributions due to the microscopic heterogeneity. A dimensionless heterogeneity parameter ~ is defined to represent high-order contributions, shown to be in the range of [-1/12, 0], and has a universal expression for all three problems. Both effective properties and heterogeneity parameter 13 are independent oft, the microscopic scale of heterogeneity. The homogenized solution describing macroscopic variations can be obtained from the effective model. Solution with sub-unit-cell accuracy can be constructed based on the homogenized solution and its spatial derivatives. The paper represents a general approach to obtain the effective model for arbitrary periodic heterogeneous materials with position-dependent properties.

Numerical simulation and data assimilation of the water-energy cycle over semiarid northeastern China

The default fractional vegetation cover and terrain height were replaced by the estimated fractional vegetation cover, which was calculated by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） of Earth Observing System Moderate-Resolution Im- aging Spectroradiometer （EOS-MODIS） and the Digital Elevation Model of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission （SRTM） system. The near-surface meteorological elements over northeastern China were assimilated into the three-dimensional varia- tional data assimilation system （3DVar） module in the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model. The structure and daily variations of air temperature, humidity, wind and energy fields over northeastern China were simulated using the WRF model. Four groups of numerical experiments were performed, and the simulation results were analyzed of latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and their relationships with changes in the surface energy flux due to soil moisture and precipitation over different surfaces. The simulations were compared with observations of the stations Tongyu, Naiman, Jinzhou, and Miyun from June to August, 2009. The results showed that the WRF model achieves high-quality simulations of the diurnal charac- teristics of the surface layer temperature, wind direction, net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux over semiarid northeastern China in the summer. The simulated near-surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were improved in the data assimilation case （Case 2） compared with control case （Case 1）. The simulated sensible heat fluxes and surface heat fluxes were improved by the land surface parameterization case （Case 3） and the combined case （Case 4）. The simulated tem- poral variations in soil moisture over the northeastern arid areas agree well with observations in Case 4, but the simulated pre- cipitation should be improved in the WRF model. This study could improve the land surface parameters by utilizing remote sensing data and could further improve atmospheric elements with a data assimilation system. This work provides an effective attempt at combining multi-source data with different spatial and temporal scales into numerical simulations. The assimilation datasets generated by this work can be applied to research on climate change and environmental monitoring of add lands, as well as research on the formation and stability of climate over semiarid areas.