文公礼法家同教:《家礼》的朝鲜化与朝鲜朝的中华观

朱熹《家礼》在丽末鲜初东传朝鲜半岛,被朝鲜朝的国家典章(法筵之学)与士庶日用(韦布之学)遵为不刊之典。《家礼》文献的大量创制、“冠昏丧祭”四礼仪文的反复考辨、畿湖与岭南礼学派对“家”哲学思想的发挥,充分体现了东亚儒学“家同教”的特征。与此同时,朱子礼学为朝鲜朝性理学的奠定与中华观的建构夯筑起强大的礼制基石。《家礼》朝鲜化所内涵的“语言民族主义”意味着认知、运用以及阐释华夏之礼,是承续中华道统的重要方式。通过这一方式,朝鲜朝逐步确立在东亚文明的排序以及对“我者/他者”的认知。礼义等同于中华的这一认知,不仅为朝鲜朝积极效法华夏文明提供核心价值,同时也是“一体多元”的中华观在域外礼学中的重要表达。

对法藏《华严一乘教义分齐章》中“同教”部分之概念“乘”的解析

“乘”这一词,本义是运输工具,指车乘,在佛教经典中,用它来比喻能够运送众生到解脱果地的佛陀教法。以“乘”判教的源头在印度,佛典传译到中国之后,这个词又衍化出更为复杂的涵义。《华严一乘教义分齐章》,是法藏的判教论著,也是法藏的佛学概论,其在讲说“同教”时,把佛陀一代说法,进行了分乘。我们把这些关于“乘”的名相,进行分析。

关于天台宗与华严宗的争论

被学界誉为中国佛教之双璧的天台宗和华严宗,虽然它们都倾向于思辨哲学,都注重于范畴、命题的阐述。但出于对经典理解的差异,出于宗派竞争的需要,它们也曾发生过三次比较大的争论,即关于佛性和法性之争、判教之争、同教与别教之争。

说“和”:从音乐术语到哲学范畴

在现代汉语中,“和”只作为普通名词、动词使用。与此不同的是,“和谐”古又写作“龠禾龠皆”,与笙类竹管乐器及上古“乐教”有关;“和”“同”二语自春秋已有精细的分辨,由子学背景而言,实标示了道儒两派截然相反的学术方向。由此而论,“和”在音乐术语与哲学范畴二方面,都积淀着丰富的内涵。它一方面反映出庄子所称“技进于道”的过程,另一方面也反映出刘歆所称天下学术皆出于“王官”的史实。

沙皇俄国对巴尔干政策演变及特点

巴尔干半岛是沙皇俄国称霸欧洲的重要通道,在沙皇俄国对外侵略扩张史上,巴尔干半岛是历代沙皇争夺的焦点。受欧洲均势及民族、宗教等因素影响,沙皇俄国的巴尔干政策充满着矛盾,看似主动,实则被动。

Physical literacy in the field of physical education——A challenge and a possibility

Publications of articles with physical literacy as a topic have increased dramatically since the beginning of 2000 s. The aim of this paper is to,through an explorative literature overview with an inductive approach, analyze frequent, and significant themes in published peer reviewed articles,with a focus on physical literacy. The database EBSCO has been used with the identifiers “physical literacy” and “physical literacy and evidence”.Furthermore ICSSPE Bulletin＇s special issue on physical literacy has been included in the overview. The findings have resulted in three key themes： assumptions of the concept physical literacy and its educative role, sports development and physical literacy, and assessment and physical literacy. Future studies are needed to examine if the advocated pedagogical strategies based on the concept physical literacy have led to a reorganized and revitalized school subject. There is also an existing critique towards making physical literacy an idealistic neutral concept or synonym with fundamental movement skills or sports talent identification. The role of higher education emerges as crucial for the next step of the development of the scientific framework as this involves how physical literacy will be socially configured, nurtured, and embodied in practice.Copyright ó 2015, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Selection, Training and Supervision of Breast Cancer Peer Educators： a literature review

Breast cancer is one of the most serious malignant and it seriously affects the quality of life and mental health of the patients. Research shows that peer education can improve breast cancer patients＇ quality of life, treatment compliance, and self-management behavior. Its selection, training and supervision are particularly important due to the core role of peer educators in peer support. This article reviewed the research status and progress in the selection, training and supervision of breast cancer peer educators abroad in order to provide references for further study.

A Corpus-Based Approach to the Vocabulary Teaching and Learning--Implications From the Corpus-Based Collocational Research on Two Pairs of Synonyms

Languages embody a lot of words that are considered as synonyms, and people just take it for granted that such words are identical in meaning without any discrimination. However, a corpus-based approach to the study of the collocational behavior of the two frequently-used pairs of synonyms （selection and option, ill and sick） reveals significant discrepancies in the use of these two pairs of synonyms by Chinese English learners and native speakers. According to the analysis, the major problems lie in the current ways of vocabulary teaching and learning. This paper aims to highlight the important role of the corpus-based collocational research in English vocabulary teaching and learning. In the end, some suggestions concerning vocabulary teaching and leaming are put forward on the basis of corpus-based research.

Vocabulary Alignment in the Continuation Task of Translation

Alignment effect in language research refers to the social cognition process in which people cooperate,adjust,and adapt to each other in interaction.Through empirical study,this paper explores alignment effect in the continuation task of translation(CTOT)and its possible influence on learning of English as foreign languge(EFL).The study was carried out by means of a CTOT.Participants were chosen from non-English major freshmen of similar capacity from a university in Guangzhou.They were divided into two groups,the experimental group(EG)and the control group(CG),with 13 students each.The students in EG were asked to carefully read some English-Chinese bilingual material.Then,the 26 participants were tasked with translating the paragraphs,which followed from Chinese into English.After that,they were asked to write down the words and expressions which they found difficult.Some of the participants were interviewed one month later for a deeper understanding of their memories of the vocabulary and their opinions on the CTOT.The data were analyzed by direct comparison and non-parametric test.The results showed that vocabulary alignment does occur in CTOT.The EG members tended to take advantage of words that appeared in the bilingual reading text.If multiple words from the reading appeared,with the same contextual meaning,they tended to choose the repeated words.As for influence of vocabulary alignment on EFL learning,it seemed that CTOT could not improve the quality of the translation itself,but could assist short-term vocabulary learning though no significant help to long-term vocabulary learning was revealed.The findings of this study provide support and explanation for some features and effects of CTOT,an important form of CT.However,the nature of CTOT itself,and its role in EFL learning deserve further research.

Studies on a Korean Buddhism Community： Searching for Unity Through Open Discourse

Korean Buddhism community has tried to develop its traditions as well as maintaining them through open discussion. Some current incidents, such as the election of the director for the headquarters of the Chogye Order, controversial issues on a prime minster nominee, and the difference between practicing and learning which has been discussed in Buddhist Academia, have generated a new wave in the Korean Buddhism world. Many religious practices which have infiltrated Korean society, including Catholicism and Christianity, have been indigenized to become a unique religious form combined with Korean Shamanism, through which individuals want to achieve personal happiness or material prosperity. Buddhism has been through the same process. Additionally, Buddhism has played a leading role in teaching the public of Korea for a long time and has become a model role for solving national crises. Currently, the Korean Buddhism world has tried to be reborn as a religion that keeps these beneficial traditions in Korea, and the Korean Buddhism can play a positive role in every aspect of culture, politics, and society. Further, the Korean Buddhism is looking for ways to influence Korean society through open discussions. This paper brings out issues that Korean Buddhism faces and presents the solutions to solve those problems.

Celebrating the Harvest and san yklk： Exploring Festival and Public Ritual as Collective Memory to Sustain Cultural Identity

This paper argues that ritual is not only restricted to religious activities, but can also be ethological, sociological, and ecological in nature. The artistic, stylistic, and functional characteristics of one particular festival of the Bamana in Mali to celebrate the harvest and new planting season will be analyzed. This festival primarily takes on the form of animal masquerades in which masks, puppets, drumming, singing, and dancing are blended into a ritualistic celebration of a certain cultural identity. The Bamana culture has lost religion as a marker, as Islam is now the dominant religion in Mali, but traditional social relationships and morals among the Bamana as a patriarchal society are concretized and objectified by their animal masquerades. Apart from being a seasonal festival, events from the past are commemorated; customary gender roles are defined; and some fundamental and complex social concepts are reinforced by a performance mode which relies on a collective memory and oral transmission.

The Study of the Effect of Educational Level of Students and English Language Teachers＇ Awareness on True and False Cognates in Iran

The ability to speak two languages in the non-English-speaking countries is a remarkable achievement. There is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world, because 70% of the earth＇s population are supposed to be bilingual or multilingual. Our purpose of the study was to determine the participants＇ awareness of using true and false cognate words of L 1 （the first language） ＆ L2 （the second language） in learning English. Three hundred and eighty-five selected people from 3,789 statistical population participated in 2014--2015 at three levels of A.D., B.A., and M.A. of Islamic Azad University as well as teachers of English in English educational institutions in Zanjan （Iran）. Each educational level was considered as one category with the total sample calculated by using Kokran Formula, and the amount of each category was determined by using appropriate proportion and randomized categorical sampling method. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 52, with a mean age of 29 years. The materials were 45 words of true and false cognate＇s words from 500 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with the index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. ANOVA （Analysis of variance） was used for studying the effect of educational level on the rate of awareness. In other words, the awareness level has been compared in different educational levels. The results of Dankan test show that： There is no significant difference between the awareness of A.D., B.A., and M.A. levels, but there is a significant difference between the level of awareness of teachers group and the other groups （in true cognate words） and for false cognate words, there is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the four groups in this regard.

Between the Religious Tolerance and Confessional Loyalty： The Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from John Herbinius’ Point of View

John Herbinius （1633-1679） was a well-known Lutheran theologian and writer. Living long time on the territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth （in contemporary Vilnus）, he wrote a description of the Kyiv religious caves, which was published in 1675 in Jena. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the further understanding and interpretation of the church history and inter-confessional relations on the territory on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle of the 17th century, and its later influence on historical and cultural development. Herbinius, being deeply connected with the West-European Protestant world, and at the same time, living in multi-cultural and multi-religious Vilnius, tried to maneuver between the religious tolerance and confessional loyalty, the adherence to the ideas of German reformation and a personal friendship with the Orthodox clergy. The methodology of this work includes historical, inter-confessional, heuristic, biographical, reader-orientated, and linguistic approaches, textual, contextual, and comparative analysis. This article has shown that the Protestant author percepted and treated the Orthodox Church in a very positive way： Church customs, canonical law, and discipline, clergy, and even monasticism did not provoke any criticism from his side. However, on the questions of iconolatry and confessional exclusivism of the Orthodox Church Herbinius could not refrain from criticism. They evidently contradicted his views on real Christian piety and religious tolerance.

Design and Application of English Learning System based on B/S Structure

This paper analyzes advantages and disadvantages of the current several popular computer-aided English learning software. combined with modem English teaching philosophy, proposed learning system with synchronization, interactivity, intelligence, and incentives in one of the English to students. System uses JavaEE framework to build, each module uses a low coupling between the way facilitate future extensions. The system can help students build confidence and motivate its progress.

A Study on the Strategies of the Coordinated Development of Education in Jing-Jin-Ji Region

Nowadays, the coordinated development of Jing-Jin-Ji has been a national strategy, and has brought unprecedented opportuniyies for the development fof education in this region. However, there are also some bottlenecks that restrict the development of this region. Therefore, this paper will analyze some typical cases of coordinated development of education in this region and put forward some suggestions and strategies to provide some references for the development.

A Linguistic Perspective of EU＇s Rethinking Education Program and Its Implications

As a key objective of Rethinking Education, multi-linguistic skill is becoming increasingly important for the future European workers as well as the common folks. Being able to communicate in at least one foreign language is considered to be critical for the future talents against EU＇s vast linguistic diversity and increasing integration. It is widely acknowledged that language competence facilitates mobility, employability, active assimilation, as well as personal development of the individuals, especially the young people, therefore, it is given top priority in the Europe 2020 strategy for growth and employment. This paper is intended to explore the strength of the rethinking program from a linguistic perspective and offer some inspirations to domestic foreign language education reform

Patterns and Technology -- A Creative Approach to Isometries

Today＇s math education basic syllabus gives an ever increasing emphasis to Geometry and Patterns. Curricula also advocate an approach that allows student to understand the concepts involved supported by dynamical computer tools. However, there is not much research work joining these paradigms. Therefore, a case study was developed, with 9th grade students （14-15 years old）, to evaluate the impact of a creative approach to isometries and symmetries-friezes, rosaceas （rosettes） and wallpapers-centered in patterns （reproduction, continuation, completion, description and creation） and using Geometer＇s Sketchpad software to solve, mainly in pairs, and discuss, with the whole class, the challenging tasks proposed, involving the formulation of hypothesis, argumentation and justification of the reasoning. The statistical analysis of the quantifiable data and content analysis of the qualitative data, collecting trough enquiry, direct observation and documental analysis （involving questionnaires, field notes, logbook, pre-tests and post-test, other works of the students including those computer related, and internal documents of the school） enable to conclude positively regarding the main research question underlying the study. In fact, it led to the conclusion that the teaching strategy implemented has contributed to deepen the student＇s knowledge and skills on geometry, mathematical communication and autonomy as well as to develop a closer relation with the field of geometry itself. This article focuses on one of the cases studied. The pair was selected due to be representative of most students and due to their communication skills.

Comparison Between Peer Mediation and Teacher Mediation in Dynamic EFL Writing Assessment:A Case Study

The present case study explores the effects of mediation of dynamic assessment （DA） on EFL writing development of English majors. Two junior English majors and their English writing teacher in a Chinese university were involved in a DA writing task. Student B was asked to write an application letter in English of around 500 words during her spare time. Student A and the teacher, as the mediators, tried to help her improve the essay based on her Zone of Proximal Development （ZPD）. The dialogues in the two mediation processes were recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the data from Student B＇s compositions and the recorded talks during the mediation process showed that there are some similarities between the two mediations including making more use of implicit prompts to guide the learner and playing a positive role to facilitate EFL language growth, especially grammar. The.analysis, however, also showed great differences. The teacher tutor attempted more prompts and more implicit strategies than the peer to show that the teacher could do a better job in exploring the learner＇s ZPD. Even so, the peer might be of important help in improving the language and content before a teacher mediation in the DA process.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF CONDUCTING PEER REVIEW AMONG CHINESE COLLEGE STUDENTS

Peer review enjoys a solid theoretical foundation and has been widely used in L1 and L2 writing instructions, but remains rare in the EFL environment of China's Mainland. This study attempts to evaluate its use among Chinese students. It finds: (1) Conducting peer review to substitute for part of teacher feedback is as effective as relying completely on the teacher for feedback; (2) Most Chinese students like to get feedback from their peers and think it is useful to them; (3) Chinese students are already capable of effective peer revision, which can also stimulate self-revision.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PEER REVISION ON ENGLISH WRITING OF TERTIARY EFL LEARNERS

通过对48名大学生英语写作中同伴作文修改的实证研究,评价同伴作文修改对他们的定稿的影响。具体研究大学生对同伴作文修改形式的认可情况(以更为熟悉的教师修改情况为参照),以及在同伴作文修改过程中,学生是如何针对作文内容、组织、词语、语法以及技术失误等方面进行修改的。实证证明,同伴作文修改是英语作文教学的一种有效方式。