Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in the Taihu Lake Ba- sin of China

Understanding the spatial interactions among multiple ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem services management. Ecosystem services, including crop production, freshwater supply, aquatic production, net primary production, soil conservation, water conservation, flood regulation, forest recreation, were measured at 1-km grid scale covering the Taihu Lake Basin(TLB) of China. Our objective is to get a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distributions, trade-offs, synergies of multiple ecosystem services across the TLB. Our results found that: 1) majority of ecosystem services were clustered in space and had a similar spatial distribution pattern with the geographical resource endowment. Most of the landscape contributed a high supply of no services, one or two, and a low supply of three to seven services. 2) There were high correlation between forest recreation and freshwater supply and regulating services. Aquatic production had low correlation with other services. 3) The changes of provisioning services led to trade-offs between regulating services and cultural services in the TLB, while synergies mainly occurred among the provisioning service. 4) The spatial relationships of multiple services are consistent at 1-km spatial scale, counties and provinces. This research could help integrate multiple ecosystem services across scales and serve as a reference for decision making.

农民专业合作社的联合路径研究——基于联合社的多案例分析

随着农民专业合作社联合社在农业现代化进程中的地位逐渐凸显,识别其联合路径对联合社的良性发展具有重要意义。基于系统理论框架,以"苏合"销售合作联社、"邓村绿茶"专业合作社联合社、黑龙江"龙联"联合社为案例,分析基于合作社服务功能系统的合作社联合路径,并探讨各联合路径的差异性和共性。结果表明,合作社之间的"二次合作"有助于激活组织间的互补和协同作用,打破原有合作社服务能力提升的禀赋约束,增加农民合作经济的效用;合作社的联合有同服务区位联合,服务系统内联合和跨服务系统联合3条联合路径;各路径之间没有优劣之分,但联合效用的充分发挥需要联合社对自身有清晰的定位,还需与成员能力相匹配,并且以完善的运营模式为保障。研究表明,不同的联合路径适用于不同规模的合作社。因此,对已具规模的合作社鼓励其结成战略联盟,对初具规模的合作社鼓励其进行同类产品的联合,对规模较小的合作社鼓励其进行专业性联合。

Trade-off and Synergy Relationships of Ecosystem Services and Driving Force Analysis based on Land Cover Change in Altay Prefecture

Altay Prefecture plays a vital role as an ecological barrier in Northwest China.Studying the ecosystem service value is of great significance for promoting regional green high-quality development and maintaining ecological security.Based on Global ESA land cover data from 2000 to 2015,the trade-off and synergy relationships and driving force factors between ecosystem services in Altay Prefecture were analyzed in this study.The analysis produced four main results.(1)The ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture continued to increase from 113.521×10^(9) yuan in 2000 to 115.777×10^(9) yuan in 2015,for an increase of about 1.98%.(2)The distribution of ecosystem service value had obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics,with hot spot areas mainly concentrated in the"two rivers and one lake"and the mountainous areas in the northwest,while the cold spot areas were mainly the forest and grass-covered areas in the northern mountainous areas and within Jimunai County.(3)The trade-off and synergy relationship among ecosystem services was mainly synergistic,with a total of 77.78% of ecosystem service relative relationships showing a significant positive correlation at the 0.01 level.(4)Economic factors and industrial structure are important factors affecting ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture.Ecosystem service value is positively correlated with per capita GDP and the output value of the tertiary industry,but negatively correlated with the output value of the secondary industry.

Spatio-temporal Differentiation of Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Typical Mountain Areas of China

Mountain area accounts for a high proportion of the land area in China,and it is the focal area to solve the contradiction of imbalanced regional development,as well as an important source of ecosystem services.Therefore,this area has been facing long-term pressure and challenges in economic development and ecological protection.In this paper,we selected a rocky desertification mountain area,an active mountain area of new tectonic movement and a typical northern earth-rock mountain area,as Qian-Gui karst Mountain area,Hengduan Mountain area and Taihang Mountain area,as examples to represent three main types of mountain areas.Three representative types of ecosystem services,including NPP(Net Primary Productivity)as a support service,water conservation as a regulation service,and agricultural produce as a supply service,were incorporated into this study.Linear regression,correlation analysis and other methods were then used to investigate the spatial-temporal characteristics of the trade-offs and synergies in each of the three kinds of mountain areas during 1990-2015 in China.The analysis yielded three main conclusions for the three mountainous areas.(1)The agricultural produce supply service decreased relatively,while the support and regulation services of NPP and hydrological regulation increased significantly.(2)There was a synergistic relationship between NPP and the hydrological regulation services in the three mountainous areas.The synergistic relation in Qian-Gui karst Mountain area became enhanced,while those in Hengduan and Taihang Mountain areas became weakened,and the former was weakened to a greater extent.There was a trade-off between NPP,the hydrological regulation service and the agricultural produce supply service among the three mountainous areas.In particular,the trade-off between NPP and the agricultural produce supply service in Qian-Gui karst Mountain area became weaker,while those in Hengduan and Taihang Mountain areas were enhanced,and the latter was enhanced to a greater degree.(3)Significant spatial differentiation was evident in the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services among the three mountain areas.