论汉代功曹、五官掾是否同职异称

史学界一般认为功曹、五官掾是两个职位。宋一夫认为功曹、五官掾是同职异称。文章在详细推敲其各个论点论据后发现均存在问题,并得出结论认为:汉代功曹、五官掾实为两个不同的职位。

唐代“四等官”审判制度问题之思考

唐律“同职犯公坐”条间接规定了“四等官”审判制度。本文依照唐律对公坐法律责任轻重的规定、审判责任的描述,勾勒出了一种唐律所言理想情况下的审判模式。同时联系实际,反思了“四等官”制度对权力分配的优缺点和这种理想审判模式运行的隐含规则。指明因最终决策权的存在,多级官制度的集体理性可能受到权力压制,解决此问题的一个方法是充分尊重过程性意见,使每一级官员都能完成呈现与职权相应的成果,以此作为追究不同等级法律责任的前提条件。

论汉代功曹、功曹史是否同职异称

史学界一般认为功曹即功曹史。宋一夫认为功曹、功曹史是两个职位,在详细推敲其各个论点论据后发现存在问题,汉代功曹、功曹史实为同职异称。

当前基层工会工作的一些问题与建议

当前基层工会工作存在着集体合同协商中走过场和集体哑口等现象,究其原因,主要是体制建设和组织建设不完善、工会理论研究未能切合基层工会之所需。今后应从强化工会理论创新、加强法规建设和组织建设等方面入手,最大限度地发挥基层工会组织的积极作用。

招贤纳士

招聘内容:武汉奥邦表面技术有限公司诚聘市场销售工程师、技术服务工程师,有市场资源者优先录用。联系方式:027-59503567招聘内容:聘塑胶电镀系列添加剂销售工程师数名。要求:对塑胶电镀行情及技术有一定的了解。

人民陪审的路径检视及制度展望——以全过程人民民主为视角

我国人民陪审员制度目前尚处“同职同权”与“分职分权”并存的二元模式,未来发展方向将是完全过渡至“分职分权”模式。全过程人民民主是我国人民陪审员制度的价值根基。陪审员发表法律意见,有利于在司法裁判中引入社会观念,实现司法民主、监督司法公正、促进法官说理。为更好地在人民陪审员制度中实践全过程人民民主,后续改革在遵循“分职分权”方向的同时,应保留人民陪审员发表法律意见的权利。具体而言,应明确陪审员参加法庭审判的案件标准,以必要的法官指示提升陪审员参审质量,保证陪审员意见在判决中得到充分体现。

Associated factors of professional identity among nursing undergraduates during COVID-19:A cross-sectional study

Objectives Professional identity plays an important role in the long-term development of nurses,and it will change when public health emergency occurs.The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with the professional identity of nursing undergraduates in the epidemic of COVID-19.Methods A cross-sectional survey design with convenience sampling was used.A total of 3,875 nursing undergraduates were recruited from seven universities across China from March to April 2020.A general information questionnaire was used to collect students’information,and the Professional Identity Questionnaire for Nurse Students was used to survey their professional identity during the early and later stages of the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic.Results The score of professional identity in the later stage(59.49±12.41)was higher than that in the early stage(56.96±12.61).The stepwise regression indicated that several factors were associated with professional identity,including gender,residential area,major,impact of the epidemic on intention to work after graduation,reasons for choosing nursing major and students’scores of professional identity in early stage.Conclusions Nursing educators can utilize the positive impact of responding to public health emergencies to increase the professional identity of students.Meanwhile,educators should give those students with lower professional identity more targeted education to cultivate their professional identity after the occurrence of public health emergencies.

A 150-year Isotopic Record of Lead Deposition in Yancheng Coastal Wetland,China

Radioactive markers are useful in dating lead （Pb） deposition patterns from industrialization in sedimentary archives. As a well-known natural reserve in the world, Yancheng coastal wetland in Jiangsu Province is one of areas most sensitive to global sea level change and is located in the most developed and polluted region of China. Two cores were collected in Yancheng wetland in October 2013 and dated using 210pb and 137Cs radiometric techniques. Sediments in both cores were sectioned into depth bands and examined systematically for dry bulk density, water content, magnetic susceptibility and grain-size. Multiple elements including Pb were also measured using inductively coupled plasma systems. Unsupported 21~Pb activities decreased with depth in both of the two cores, and 21~pb chronologies were established （covering 150 years） using the constant rate of supply （CRS） model. The measured Pb contents ranged from 14.97 mg/kg to 29.40 mg/kg with average values of 17.17-22.79 mg/kg, and the Pb fluxes ranged from 41.70 mg/（m2·yr） to 172.70 mg/（m2·yr） with averages of 95.59-123.41 mg/（m2·yr）. Temporal variations of Pb flux, enrichment factors and Pb isotopes show a gradual and continuous increase over time and clearly reflect increased emissions from anthropogenic activities in the region. The Pb isotopic compositions show that most of Pb deposition in Yancheng wetland is input from natural sources by water flows and has the same levels of Pb as in the surface sediment of the Yangtze River and the Pacific mineral aerosol. We also stress the anthropogenic Pb contribution in Yangcheng wetland sediment and the reason of our Pb isotopes not showing anthropogenic signature is likely the insta- bility of anthropogenic Pb in high Fe/Mn oxide conditions. Therefore, more attention should be paid to current local pollution problems, and society should take action to seek a balance between economic development and environmental protection.

A Longitudinal Study of Job Satisfaction Among Flemish Professional Journalists

The focus of this paper is on the job satisfaction among the population of professional Flemish journalists by means of two surveys conducted in 2003 （N = 1,026） and 2008 （N = 682）. Both surveys focus on intrinsic and extrinsic variables linked to job satisfaction as well as on several predictors of job satisfaction such as type of contract, job function, age, and gender. The longitudinal perspective allows us to identify any evolutions or differences in satisfaction between 2003 and 2008. By taking into consideration previous mentioned predictors also the influence of external elements on job satisfaction can he researched. The 2003 and 2008 surveys suggest that the ＂average＂ Flemish professional journalist is fairly satisfied with the job content. However, we observe a slightly negative but non-significant shift occurring in 2008. The degree of job satisfaction seems to he related to the type of contract （freelance or employed on a permanent basis） and the job function. We noticed also a clear gender element in the discussion： Female journalists are not less satisfied but state to have more difficulties to combine the journalistic job with a private and family life.

Study on engineering audit based on Valuation

in the bill of quantities mode, audit department how to perform the function of supervision, control the cost of the project, to improve the infrastructure investment efficiency to have the important meaning. This article from the valuation list elements of engineering audit mode based solutions, engineering audit under BOQ valuation mode is put forward from the audit information management, engineering contract claim, audit personnel quality etc..

Self-endangering:A qualitative study on psychological mechanisms underlying nurses’burnout in long-term care

Objectives To develop a more specific understanding of psychological mechanisms in the development of burnout in long-term care as a basis for potential new intervention strategies aiming at improving nurses’mental health.Methods Two qualitative studies with thematic analysis were conducted.In Study 1,we conducted eight group interviews with 110 nurses from May–July 2019 in the context of workshops at eight nursing homes in Germany.In Study 2,we supplemented these with semi-structured interviews with 14 executives at German nursing homes in December 2019.Results The thematic analysis in Study 1 identified three main themes:causes of challenges,employees’opportunities for change,and organisational opportunities for change.Thematic analysis in Study 2 identified three main themes:job motives,reasons for filling in for others,and employee self-care.Further,our results show that the need to stand in for colleagues,in particular,is one of the greatest challenges for geriatric caregivers.In dealing with these challenges we found that self-endangering behaviour—a diminished ability to say no when asked to fill in or to do work overtime—was an important antecedent of nurses’burnout.Further,high levels of altruistic motivation and identification with the team or organisation were associated with self-endangering behaviour in the presence of adverse working conditions.Low levels of self-worth are a further risk factor for self-endangering.Conclusions Our findings are at odds with some core tenets of classic models of job demands and burnout that construe motivation and identification as resources.Our results show the need of a holistic intervention program in nursing including individual coaching,team-based interventions and organisational development processes.Employees themselves should be sensitized to this issue and supported in the long term,and politicians should create structures that do not encourage this behaviour any further.

模式、依据与冲突:人民陪审员参审职权研究

《人民陪审员法》根据不同合议庭类型,将人民陪审员参审职权调整为"同职同权"与"分职分权"两种模式,形成不同于陪审职权、参审职权、观审职权的具有中国特色的二元混合参审职权配置模式。人民陪审员在事实认定过程中体现社情民意,遵循逆向叙事思维模式,实现了情理与法理的统一。然而,人民陪审员参审职权改革忽略了事实审与法律审界限模糊的事实,庭前阅卷机制违背了人民陪审员制度设立的初衷,人民陪审员的事实认定权与法官、审判委员会的职权以及上诉程序产生不可避免的冲突。鉴于此,应保障法官指示的中立性、客观性;人民陪审员应将庭审作为获取案情的主要途径;限制审判委员会推翻人民陪审员事实认定的权力;上诉原则上不得改变一审认定的案件事实,除非一审认定的事实确有错误,可以发回原审法院重新审理。

Changes and Characteristics of EFL Teachers' Professional Identity:The Cases of Nine University Teachers

Teacher identity has emerged as a central topic in educational research since 1990s. Professional identity among university EFL teachers is however understudied, especially those were engaged in in-service PhD study. Drawing on the interviews with nine EFL teachers in a Chinese university, this qualitative case research explored the changes of their professional identity with in-service PhD study experience. Positive changes were reported by all nine teachers, although with varied loci. Consistent with prior studies, the nine teachers demonstrated multi-leveled, achievement-oriented and discipline-focused professional identities. This research highlights the powerful influence of policy upon their identity changes. Their professional identities are shaped and reshaped in the process of negotiating and balancing between personal beliefs and rules at different levels. Teachers with non-English PhD academic background displayed conflicting professional identity, with institutional pressure being the important sources of their struggle and dilemma.

A study on pertinent influencing factors on teachers’professional identity

In order to evaluate the present state of teachers’professional identity(TPI),177 teachers in primary and secondary schools in Zibo of Shandong Province of China were surveyed by a questionnaire designed by the authors.The results reveals:(1)high professional identity for the overall level of teachers;(2)significant difference in genders and titles of professional positions;(3)significant difference between primary and secondary school teachers;(4)significant difference in professional motivations and satisfaction degrees of salaries among teachers.

The Social Composition of China's Private Entrepreneurs: Class and Cohort Differences

On the basis of survey data on Chinese private enterprises over the years,we try to respond to the classic subject of“the social composition of private entrepreneurs(siyingqiyezhu私营企业主).”In nearly forty years of development,the overall composition of private entrepreneurs has undergone major changes.The group contains a growing proportion of people who have a market background and higher education and are non-political CPCs.On further classifying the occupational mobility of private entrepreneurs into categories such as“xiahai下海”(jump into business),“gaizhi改制”(restructuring),“kuajie跨界”(crossover),“tiaoban跳板”(springboard)and“caogen草根”(grassroots),we find there are significant differences in the occupational mobility of entrepreneurs in large,medium,and small enterprises in terms of what they did before they founded their businesses.In particular,entrepreneurs in large enterprises are more likely to have“jumped into business”from inside the government system or after restructuring,while most small and medium entrepreneurs develop outside the system.Multiple regression and coefficient clustering analysis shows that education level and political status have varying effects on the occupational mobility of entrepreneurs in terms of class and cohort.

The Roles Played by the Staff and Workers' Representative Congress in the Formation of Work Regulations

Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law lays down the right of the Staff and Workers＇ Representative Congress （SWRC） to deliberate on the formulation of （intra-enterprise） work regulations, but this has become a ＂soft＂ law in judicial practice. The judicial criteria for judging the validity of work regulations are in essence determined by the judge＇s judgment on their reasonableness. As an important embodiment of Chinese politics, economics and culture, the transformation of the SWRC that accompanied the market economy has not negated its value as an indigenous traditional resource. The SWRC does not just enjoy deliberative rights in the formation of regulations, as clearly specified in constitutional law, but also has rights under the law in local legislation and practice. Hence the system of work regulations is neither a unilateral decision on the part of management nor a contract, but rather an autonomous norm developed through the SWRC mechanism. Given the mandatory nature of Article 4 of the Labor Contract Law, regulations will only be valid after they havegone through a democratic process. The further development of the theory of normative system formation should endow the SWRC with greater rights and integrate it smoothly with the collective contract system to standardize collective labor relations.

On Construction of Optimal Two-Level Designs with Multi Block Variables

When running an experiment, inhomogeneity of the experimental units may result in poor estimations of treatment effects. Thus, it is desirable to select a good blocked design before running the experiment. Mostly, a single block variable was used in the literature to treat the inhomogeneity for simplicity. However, in practice, the inhomogeneity often comes from multi block variables. Recently, a new criterion called B2-GMC was proposed for two-level regular designs with multi block variables. This paper proposes a systematic theory on constructing some B^2-GMC designs for the first time. Experimenters can easily obtain the B^2-GMC designs according to the construction method. Pros of B^2-GMC designs are highlighted in Section 4, and the designs with small run sizes are tabulated in Appendix B for practical use.