从形容词性语言到名词性语言

胡塞尔把“是”判断和“具有”判断看作是两种最基本的判断形式,“是”判断与形容词相关,而“具有”判断与名词相关,它们都源于亚里士多德主谓命题形式(S是P)中的“是”。在亚里士多德那里,“是”既具有逻辑意义(作为系词“是”),又具有存在意义(作为动词“有”),它既与形容词相关,又与名词相关。然而,命题主谓理论的发展使形容词逐渐成为谓词域的核心形式,而名词等形式被忽视了,“是”的“具有”意义也丧失了,命题形式日益形容词化,命题语言成为形容词性语言,由此产生了许多所谓的哲学问题。维特根斯坦语言批判的一个重要内容就是通过对形容词性的命题语言的批判,恢复和确立以名词为主要形式的日常语言的地位,从形容词性语言走向名词性语言。这一结果被胡塞尔称为“具有”判断的恢复和形容词名词化,是语言哲学的内在转向。

A Qualia Structure Approach to Nominal Polysemy

Nominal polysemy is a ubiquitous phenomenon in natural languages. How to eliminate the ambiguity caused by polysemous nominals is one of the major concerns in semantics. Drawing on Generative Lexicon Theory, this paper addresses the interpretation of nominal polysemy and attempts to reveal the different meanings of a polysemous nominal from four aspects of its qualia structure, namely, constitutive, formal, telic, and agentive. It is argued that a qualia structure analysis of a noun helps specify its precise meaning in a certain context, hence eliminating the ambiguity it may probably give rise to