谈语文阅读教学的有效链接

语文教学中,阅读教学的有效链接是一种很好的学习方式。因此,教师应根据文本内容,进行有效的阅读链接,优化阅读教学,不断提高阅读教学的质量。

Development of Studies on RNA Interference

RNA interference （RNAi）, caused by endogenous or exogenous double- stranded RNA （dsRNA） homologous with target genes, refers to gene silencing widely existing in animals and plants. It was first found in plants, and now it has developed into a kind of biotechnology as well as an important approach in post- genome era. This paper is to summarize the achievements of studies on RNAi tech- nology in basic biology, medicine, pharmacy, botany and other fields.

Performance and Inheritance of Rice Starch RVA Profile Characteristics

The classification and inheritance of rice starch RVA profiles were studied by testing RVA profiles of F2 clonally propagated population and some varieties, including japonica, indica, and glutinous types. All the RVA profiles of accessions could be divided into six kinds based on the cluster analysis, that is A, B, C, D, E and F. Feature profile of sticky variety was type A. The profiles of indica varieties could be presented as B, C, D, E and F types and that of japonica varieties fell into D, E and F types.RVA profiles of the rice were mainly affected by apparent amylose content (AAC), but the difference of RVA profiles could also be detected in the varieties with similar AAC. The close relationship between RVA profile indices and sensory of low or middle AAC varieties suggested that the RVA profiles can be used as indirect index to evaluate eating and cooking quality. In four hybrid combinations, the component indices of RVA profiles of F1 were between those of its parents except peak viscosity and pasting temperature. Also, in F2 clonally propagated population, all the components of the RVA profiles showed continuous segregation,suggesting that all of them were controlled by a series of minor genes, although Wx gene may play an important role in determining the RVA profiles. These results may provide some new information useful for rice quality breeding program.

Overexpression of polo-like kinase1 predicts a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

AIM： To elucidate the role of overexpressed polo-like kinasel （PLK1）in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. METHODS： We prospectively collected clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） data from 135 HCC patients undergoing successful hepatectomy. The correlations between PLK1 mRNA expression and clinicopathologic variables were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS： Immunohistochemical results showed overexpression of PLK1 was mainly found in tumor tissues compared with tumor-free tissue. A similar mRNA result was obtained by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. A total of 111 samples were positive for PLK1 mRNA expression. The positive expression was correlated with venous invasion, tumor nodules and Edmondson grade. Furthermore, 1, 3, 5-year survival rates in the positive expression group were significantly lower than the negative control group. Multivariate analysis showed that positive PLK1 expression was an independent risk factor for HCC. CONCLUSION： PLK1 could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and therapy for HCC.

EP-based Optimization of Strategic Safety Stocks in Reverse Logistics Systems

A new heuristic strategic safety stock optimization is proposed based on evolutionary programming(EP) algorithm for reverse logistics supply chain systems. The supply chain is described with a network and the modeling complexity of external as well as internal product returns and reuses of supply chains is considered with. It is assumed that customer demands for final products are uncertain. Products are randomly returned from external customers to stock points. The optimization model is established and three different cases with different structures are used to show the strength of the algorithm.

CpG island methylator phenotype in plasma is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis

AIM： To evaluate the clinical significance of CpG island methylator phenotype （CIMP） in plasma and its association with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） progress. METHODS： CIMP status of 108 HCC patients was analyzed using a methylation marker panel in tumor tissues and plasma with methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Fifteen samples of non-neoplastic liver tissues and 60 of plasma from healthy persons were examined simultaneously. Examined genes included APC, WIF-1, RUNX-3, DI C-1, SFRP-1, DKK and E-cad.26/108, 24.07% in plasma; WIF-1, 53/108, 49.07% in tissue and 35/108, 32.41% in plasma; RUNX-3, 52/108, 48.14% in tissue and 42/108, 38.89% in plasma; DIC-1, 38/108, 35.18% in tissue and 23/108, 21.30% in plasma; SFRP-1, 40/108, 37.04% in tissue and 31/108, 28.7% in plasma; DKK, 39/108, 36.1% in tis- sue and 25/108, 23.14% in plasma; and E-cad, 37/108, 34.3% in tissue and 18/108, 16.67% in plasma. CIMP＋ （≥3 methylated genes） was detected in 68 （60.2%） tumor tissue samples and 62 （57.4%） plasma samples. CIMP was not detected in non-neoplastic liver tissues or plasma of healthy persons. CIMP status in tumor tissues differed significantly in gender, hepatitis B surface antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and tumor-node- metastasis stage （P 〈 0.05）. Similar results were obtained with plasma samples （P 〈 0.05）. There was no difference in CIMP status in age, presence of hepatitis C virus antibody, cirrhosis, number of nodes, number of tumors, tumor size, or Edmondson-Steiner stage. A one-year follow-up found that the metastatic rate and recurrence rate in the CIMP＋ group were significantly higher than in the CIMP- group as assessed with plasma samples （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Plasma DNA can be a reliable sample source for CIMP analysis. CIMP in plasma may serve as a molecular marker of late-stage and poor-prognosis HCC.

MicroRNAs as a potential prognostic factor in gastric cancer

AIM:To compare the microRNA (miR) profiles in the primary tumor of patients with recurrent and non-recurrent gastric cancer.METHODS:The study group included 45 patients who underwent curative gastrectomies from 1995 to 2005 without adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy and for whom adequate tumor content was available.Total RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples,preserving the small RNA fraction.Initial profiling using miR microarrays was performed to identify potential biomarkers of recurrence after resection.The expression of the differential miRs was later verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Findings were compared between patients who had a recurrence within 36 mo of surgery (bad-prognosis group,n=14,31%) and those who did not (good-prognosis group,n=31,69%).RESULTS:Three miRs,miR-451,miR-199a-3p and miR-195 were found to be differentially expressed in tumors from patients with good prognosis vs patients with bad prognosis (P<0.0002,0.0027 and 0.0046 respectively).High expression of each miR was associated with poorer prognosis for both recurrence and survival.Using miR-451,the positive predictive value for non-recurrence was 100% (13/13).The expression of the differential miRs was verified by qRT-PCR,showing high correlation to the microarray data and similar separation into prognosis groups.CONCLUSION:This study identified three miRs,miR-451,miR-199a-3p and miR-195 to be predictive of recurrence of gastric cancer.Of these,miR-451 had the strongest prognostic impact.

Prognostic role of sensitive-to-apoptosis gene expression in rectal cancer

AIM:To investigate the association between prognosis of rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy(CRT) and expression of sensitive-to-apoptosis(SAG),B-cell lymphoma-extra large(Bcl-X L) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer(Bak).METHODS:Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of proteins of interest,namely SAG,Bcl-X L,Bak and β-actin,in rectal carcinoma patients who had a follow-up period of 3 years after CRT.Biopsy specimens were excised from the rectal tumor preceding CRT.RESULTS:SAG,Bcl-X L and Bak proteins showed significant correlations with each other.In multivariate analysis,patients with high vs low SAG expression showed a statistically significant difference in 2-year survival rates:56% vs 73%,respectively(P = 0.056).On the other hand,there were no significant correlations between the expression levels of all three genes and metastatic rates or tumor responses to CRT.Mean overall survival in the patients with elevated SAG expression was 27.1 mo ± 3.9 mo [95% confidence interval(CI):19.3-34.9],and in patients with reduced expression,it was 32.1 mo ± 2.5 mo(95% CI:27.3-36.9).The corresponding values for Bcl-X L were 28.0 mo ± 4.1 mo(95% CI:19.9-36.1) and 31.7 mo ± 2.9 mo(95% CI:26.0-37.5),and those for Bak were 29.8 mo ± 3.7 mo(95% CI:22.5-37.2) and 30.6 mo ± 2.4 mo(95% CI:25.5-35.0),respectively.CONCLUSION:Two-year survival rates significantly correlated with low SAG expression,and SAG may be a candidate gene for good prognosis,independent of therapeutic response of different individuals.

Postharvest Losses in the Wheat Logistics Chain： A Brazilian Case Study

This paper highlighted the losses occurring along the wheat supply chain in Rio Grande do Sul （RS）, Brazil, which accounts for almost half of the domestic wheat production. Based on a field research, a questionnaire was applied to representative agents in the market. Then the wheat supply chain in the state of RS was characterized and loss rates in each stage of that chain were quantified. Typically, losses during transportation in the domestic market account for about 11.8% of the total amount of wheat grain that leaves the farms. Losses during harvest and storage in cooperatives, which account for 93.2% of total losses, stand out in this context. Transportation operations account for 6.8% of total losses in the analyzed flow. Based on the results obtained in this study, strategies are suggested to reduce food losses in different links of the logistics chain, such as to evidence and quantify the wheat losses, to manage losses and set reduction targets and to give attention to transportation service levels.

Clinical efficacy of Tuina manipulations for lumbar disc herniation and its influence on posture-associated indicators

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of sinew-bone balancing manipulation in treating lumbar disc herniation(LDH)and offer clinical evidence to support the concept of paying equal attention to sinew and bone.Methods:Sixty LDH patients were randomized into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with the sinew-bone balancing manipulation,and the control group received conventional Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)manipulation.The clinical efficacy and posterior muscle chain tone effect were compared between the two groups by observing the visual analog scale(VAS)score,Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)score,and posture-associated indicators.Results:The total effective rate was 86.7%in the observation group,higher than 76.7%in the control group,but the between-group difference in efficacy was statistically insignificant(P>0.05).After treatment,the VAS and JOA scores,angle-dependent muscle tone indicator of the posterior muscle chain,and lumbar posture symmetry showed significant changes in both groups(P<0.05).The VAS and JOA scores,angle-dependent muscle tone indicator of the posterior muscle chain,and lumbar posture symmetry in the observation group were significantly different from those in the control group after treatment(P<0.05),but the between-group difference in the general posture symmetry was statistically insignificant(P>0.05).Conclusion:Both the sinew-bone balancing and conventional Tuina manipulations can reduce pain in LDH patients,improve lumbar function,and adjust the angle-dependent muscle tone coefficient of the posterior muscle chain and lumbar posture symmetry;except for the general posture symmetry of the posterior muscle chain,the sinew-bone balancing manipulation wins out over the conventional Tuina manipulation.

Closed-loop Supply Chain Systems Constructed by 4PL and Performance Evaluation by Using Exergoeconomics

This paper introduces a new concept of 4PL, which is a contractor of the closed-loop supply chain coordination based on the division of community and the outsourcing development. The concept enriches the connotation of 4PL and broadens the thought for 4PL development. Secondly, according to the characteristics of the closed-loop supply chain in the different duration of the collaborative relationship and the dynamic characteristics of the closed-loop supply chaini we apply the fractal theory to establish a fractal system of 4PL coordinating closed-loop supply chain and propose different strategies for 4PL coordinating with different types of closed-loop supply chains in the various links of the system. Moreover, some strategic and proactive thinking are provided for 4PL＇s practices. Then based on the exergoeconomics theory, the closed-loop supply chain is regarded as a huge energy system with the new view, and the sustainability of the closed-loop supply chain system is discussed under the circumstance of exergoeconomics, and then the metric about “system negative environment effect” is introduced to measure the closed-loop supply chain system performance in the point of energy, a case study illustrates our conclusions.

DEA Analysis of Reverse Logistics of Supply Chain Integration Project Choice

Logistics has a good relationship with the economic utility of supply chain and the sustainable development of environment. It has been the considerable link of supply chain research. This paper analyzes and appraises the effectivity of different supply chain integration projects and whether considers reverse logistics or not, by establishing DEA model of supply chain integration project that is on the basis of order and synthetically considered forward and reverse logistics, provides the growth efficiency model of input and output with preference supply chain integration project for the deci.qion.rn^le,~r