空间环境对石刁柏幼苗向性生长及代谢过程的影响

以石刁柏（ＡｓｐａｒａｇｕｓｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓＬ．）作为实验材料，在我国空间生物学研究中，首次在空间完成了高等植物种子萌发至幼苗的生长过程。研究了空间飞行后，幼苗的光合及某些代谢过程的变化。主要结果如下：空间飞行幼苗根的生长走向明显不同于地面对照，表现出对微重力的反应。幼苗返回地面后继续培养，其生长速度快于地面对照。空间飞行样品耗氧量高于地面对照，而乙烯释放量低于地面对照。空间飞行返回地面后的植株，其光能吸收和转能效率与地面对照相比无明显变化；过氧化物酶同工酶活性有所下降，并出现一条新酶带（Ｒｆ＝０．４５）；ＡＴＰ含量低于地面对照。

去神经支配对鼠后肢缺血诱导侧支血管生长方式的调节

目的通过比较保留和去除神经支配对侧支血管生长的影响,揭示神经调节对侧支血管生长方式的作用。方法 28只健康SD大鼠,左侧行单纯股动脉结扎,右侧行股动脉结扎加坐骨神经和股神经切除,分别存活1周和8周后,采用血管造影、HE染色和免疫荧光,观察单纯结扎和结扎加去神经后侧支血管生长方式的变化,鼠后肢正常血管用作正常对照。结果在正常大鼠后肢少见早先存在的小动脉;单纯结扎1周和8周后,侧支血管数目明显增多,表现为侧支血管管壁较薄管腔较大的外向性生长方式;股动脉结扎加去神经1周和8周后,侧支血管数目比单纯结扎侧减少,表现为管腔变窄管壁增厚的内向性生长方式,其侧支血管数目和管腔面积差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论在缺血诱导的大鼠后肢侧支血管生长模型中,去神经支配后侧支血管的生长受到了损害,表现为一种内向性的生长方式。

模拟树木生长的综合力学模型

为了更好地表现树木在自然环境中的生长形态,在基于直径变化率的趋向性力学模型基础上,提出了一种模拟树木生长的综合力学模型。从树木的局部枝干出发,综合分析自然环境作用下树木生长过程中枝干的受力情况,重组环境外力的不同影响时机和权重关系,建立树枝向性生长的综合弯曲角度公式,实现综合力作用下树木生长的模拟。结合不同的生长规则,可模拟不同树种在自然环境中的生长形态。实验结果表明,该方法有较好的模拟效果。

小麦根系构型及抗旱性研究进展

小麦是全球最重要的粮食作物之一,干旱是影响其生长发育最重要的非生物胁迫因子。根系作为作物获取水分和养分的重要器官,直接决定了作物对土壤水分的利用效率。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,根系构型在植物干旱胁迫响应中发挥了重要功能。本文综述了目前根系构型在调控小麦抗旱性方面的研究进展。首先概述了根向性生长,特别是根向重力性生长对植物根系结构的塑造作用,重点总结了目前挖掘到参与根系向重力性生长的相关基因及其分子调控机制,并阐述了根向性生长调控的根系构型是如何介导小麦对干旱胁迫的适应。除了根向性生长,根系的发育过程也参与了对植物根系构型的调控,并决定植物对干旱胁迫的适应能力,因此,本文进一步综述了在干旱胁迫条件下小麦如何通过调控根系发育来改变根系形态,包括增加根长、调控侧根数量和根毛密度等,来增强小麦对土壤水分的吸收和对干旱环境的适应;同时,系统总结了干旱胁迫条件下参与调控作物(尤其是小麦)根系发育的相关基因。此外,根系作为植物地下部分,其构型的解析一直是本领域研究难点,阻碍了对根系结构与植物耐旱性关系的进一步解析,因此,本文也归纳了目前可用于小麦根系二维结构和三维结构表型分析的技术。这些技术可测量和分析小麦根系的长度、密度、生长方向和形态等参数,为深入理解根系构型与小麦抗旱性关系提供技术支撑。最后,展望了改良根系结构在小麦抗旱育种中的应用前景,并对如何挖掘更多潜在的小麦根系构型调控基因,及解析相关基因的调控机理进行了讨论。综上所述,小麦根系结构与小麦抗旱性关系密切,随着测序和分析技术的不断发展,以及小麦根系结构调控机制研究的不断深入,为未来培育抗旱小麦新品种提供了新的手段和策略。

Microscopic phase-field study on directional coarsening mechanism caused by interaction between precipitates in Ni-Al-V alloy

A microscopic phase-field model was used to investigate a directional coarsening mechanism caused by the anisotropic growth of long period stacking and different effects of phases on precipitation in Ni-Al-V alloy.The results show that DO22 mainly coarsens along its short axis,which may press the neighboring L12,leading to the interaction among atoms.Diffusion channels of Al are formed in the direction where the mismatch between γ＇ and γ reduces;the occupation probabilities are anisotropic in space;and direction coarsening of L12 occurs finally.With a rise of ageing temperature,phases appear later and DO22 is much later at a higher temperature,the average occupation probabilities of Al and V reduce,and Al changes more than V.

Anisotropic and temperature-dependent growth mechanism of S-phase precipitates in Al-Cu-Mg alloy in relation with GPB zones

By employing atomic-resolution imaging and first principles energy calculations, the growth behavior of S-phase precipitates in a high strength A1-Cu-Mg alloy was investigated. It is demonstrated that the nucleation and growth of the S-phase precipitate are rather anisotropic and temperature-dependent companying with low dimensional phase transformation. There are actually two types of Guinier-Preston （GP） zones that determine the formation mechanism of S-phase at high aging temperatures higher than 180 ℃. One is the precursors of the S-phase itself, the other is the structural units or the precursors of the well-known Guinier-Preston-Bagaryatsky （GPB） zones. At high temperatures the later GPB zone units may form around S-phase precipitate and cease its growth in the width direction, leading to the formation of rod-like S-phase crystals; whereas at low temperatures the S-phase precipitates develop without the interference with GPB zones, resulting in S-phase orecioitates with lath-like momhology.

Phase field model for strong interfacial energy anisotropy of HCP materials

Based on the Karma model and the Eggleston regularization technique of the strong interfacial energy anisotropy, a phase-field model was established for HCP materials. An explicit finite difference numerical method was used to solve phase field model and simulate the dendrite growth behaviors of HCP materials. Results indicate that the dendrite morphology presents obvious six-fold symmetry, and discontinuity in the variation of interface orientation occurs, resulting in a fact that the corners were formed at the tips of the main stem and side branches. When the interfacial energy anisotropy strength is lower than the critical value（1/35）, the steady-state tip velocity of dendrite increases with anisotropy as expected. As the anisotropy strength crosses the critical value, the steady-state tip velocity drops down by about 0.89%. With further increase in anisotropy strength, the steady-state tip velocity increases and reaches the maximum value at anisotropy strength of 0.04, then decreases.

生长素调控根向重力性在植物激素实验教学中的应用

根是植物重要的器官,其向重力生长是由生长素的浓度与分布所调控的,是植物对环境信号作出的生理反应。本文对模式植物拟南芥的根进行改变重力方向的刺激,借助含有响应生长素的分子标记的DR5rev:GFP、DR5:3xVenus和DR5:GUS转基因株系,可视化在重力方向改变刺激下根尖两侧的生长素不对称分布,同时观察生长素极性运输载体的相关突变体pin2-T、aux1-T在重力方向改变刺激下的表型,帮助学生深入理解生长素调控拟南芥根向重力生长的生理机制。

Impact of anisotropic growth on kinetics of solid-state phase transformation

Based on the statistical analysis of blocking effect arising from anisotropic growth,the anisotropic effect on the kinetics of solid-state transformation was investigated.The result shows that the blocking effect leads to the retardation of transformation and then a regular behavior of varying Avrami exponent.Following previous analytical model,the formulations of Avrami exponent and effective activation energy accounting for blocking effect were obtained.The anisotropic effect on the transformation depends on two factors,non-blocking factor γ and blocking scale k,which directly acts on the dimensionality of growth.The effective activation energy is not affected by the anisotropic effect.The evolution of anisotropic effect with the fraction transformed is taken into account,showing that the anisotropic effect is more severe at the middle stage of transformation.

草苁蓉寄生机理的研究

通过试验研究,对草苁蓉的寄生机理进行了合理的推断:赤杨尖诱导了草苁蓉种子的萌发和胚根的向性生长,并与赤杨根尖发生寄生关系,然后形成地下球茎,经越冬后长出地面,形成草苁蓉植株。

LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport

Tiller angle of rice （Oryza sativa L.） is an important agronomic trait that contributes to grain production, and has long attracted attentions of breeders for achieving ideal plant architecture to improve grain yield. Although enormous efforts have been made over the past decades to study mutants with extremely spreading or compact tillers, the molecular mechanism underlying the control of tiller angle of cereal crops remains unknown. Here we report the cloning of the LAZY1 （LA1） gene that regulates shoot gravitropism by which the rice tiller angle is controlled. We show that LA1, a novel grass-specific gene, is temporally and spatially expressed, and plays a negative role in polar auxin transport （PAT）. Loss-of-function of LA1 enhances PAT greatly and thus alters the endogenous IAA distribution in shoots, leading to the reduced gravitropism, and therefore the tiller-spreading phenotype of rice plants.

Simulation of facet dendrite growth with strong interfacial energy anisotropy by phase field method

Numerical simulations based on a new regularized phase-field model were presented, to simulate the solidification of hexagonal close-packed materials with strong interfacial energy anisotropies. Results show that the crystal grows into facet dendrites,displaying six-fold symmetry. The size of initial crystals has an effect on the branching-off of the principal branch tip along the<100> direction, which is eliminated by setting the b/a(a and b are the semi-major and semi-minor sizes in the initial elliptical crystals, respectively) value to be less than or equal to 1. With an increase in the undercooling value, the equilibrium morphology of the crystal changes from a star-like shape to facet dendrites without side branches. The steady-state tip velocity increases exponentially when the dimensionless undercooling is below the critical value. With a further increase in the undercooling value, the equilibrium morphology of the crystal grows into a developed side-branch structure, and the steady-state tip velocity of the facet dendrites increases linearly. The facet dendrite growth has controlled diffusion and kinetics.

Strain Relaxation Related Photoluminescence Bands in Ge/Si Short Period Superlattices

Pure-Ge/Si short period superlattice (SPS) grown by gas source MBE (GSMBE) is studied by photoluminescence spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy. An abnormal band in photoluminescence is found in an intermediate range of Lsi between 1.9 nm-2.9 nm for samples with LGe fixed at 1.5 ml. In contrast to a pure-Ge/Si quantum well, the energy of the band shows red-shift as Lsi increases. Raman scattering shows that Si-Si vibration related Raman shift reaches a minimum for samples with strongest PL intensity of the abnormal band. It is therefore concluded that the abnormal band is related with strain relaxation process.

Effect of Temperature on Anisotropic Crystal Growth of Boehmite under Hydrothermal Condition

Temperature effect （200-400 ℃） on the anisotropic crystal growth of boehmite under hydrothermal conditions with and without octanoic acid was investigated. The crystallinity and the size of particles increased with increasing the treatment temperature. The crystal growth was facilitated greatly above the critical temperature of water. Although several possible factors could affect the crystal growth behavior, the experimental results were discussed in terms of water properties, such as dielectric constant and viscosity The crystallization was enhanced when the viscosity and dielectric constant of water were low. The viscosity reduction at higher temperature may enhance diffusion and crystallization, in particular, without octanoic acid. The enhancement of crystallization at lower dielectric constant implies that the formation of particles, which are less polar than precursor ions, favorably proceeds in such media. The crystal growth along c-axis showed less temperature dependence around the critical temperature in the experiments with octanoic acid, which suggests that the modification reaction on the （001） surface was also facilitated because the modification reaction forms less polar products. This is probably the reason why the aspect ratio （a/c） was considerably higher for the products obtained with the treatments above the critical temperature.

Treatment for triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) neither express estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor nor over- express human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. Because of the special molecular features, triple-negative breast cancer is not either sensitive to endocrine therapy or targeted therapy of trastuzumab. There has not been standard treatment regimen for triple-negative breast cancer yet and chemotherapy has still been the chief therapy currently. However, with the great progress of oncology and molecular biology, the understanding of the natural history, pathophysiology and molecular features of this disease has been greatly improved, and a growing number of novel and effective therapies and discoveries of new biological targets for this phenotype of breast cancers have been reported, which provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for the women suffering from it.

Growth Performance of Larval and Juvenile Manila Clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) from Divergently Selected Individuals of a Full-Sib Family

Abstract In this study, the method of divergent selection was employed to test the larval and juvenile growth performance within a full-sib family of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The 10% largest and 10% smallest clam individuals （on the basis of shell length） of a full-sib family were selected as parents for the fast and slow growing lines, respectively. The difference in shell length was significant among the three lines （fast, control, and slow） tested. The sequence of shell length were fast line 〉 control line 〉 slow line. The responses to selection, realized heritability, and genetic gain were 0.06%-0.81%, 0.04%-0.47% and 0.58%-18.89% in the fast direction, respectively; and were 0.14%-1.27%, 0.08%-0.73%, and 0.31%-49.03% in the slow direction, respectively. The re- suits suggested that there was a large portion of additive genetic variance affecting the growth in the full-sib family. Selection in the fast direction within the full-sib family would greatly improve the growth ofR. philippinarum.

Stability range of tilted dendritic arrays during directional solidification

The stability range of primary spacing of the tilted dendritic arrays in directional solidification has been studied by quantitative phase-field simulations. Results show that both the real growth direction and morphological shapes of dendritic arrays change with the primary spacing for different misorientation angles(θ0). It has been found that the lower limit of primary spacing is independent of θ0, but the upper limit of primary spacing is strongly influenced by that. The two kinds of tertiary branching instabilities result in different behaviors of the variation of the upper limit with misorientation angle for different pulling velocities.

Grain oriented growth and properties of ultra-high temperature CaBi_2Nb_2O_9 piezoelectric ceramics

CaBi2Nb2O9 (CBNO) ceramics was prepared at 1050℃ using regular flake-like CBNO powders as the precursor, and synthe-sized by the molten salts synthesis method. The tropism degree and microstructure of the ceramics were analyzed, and the die-lectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were characterized. Compared with conventional methods, the properties of CBNO ceramics by the new preparation method were found to be better. As the sinter temperature decreases, the grain growth becomes regular with textured features. The polarization process becomes easy to be realized at room temperature. Moreover, the dielectric loss decreases and the piezoelectric constant increases significantly.

A route to truly realize the chirality-specific growth of aligned carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes（SWNTs）are regarded as one of the most promising candidates as building blocks in the next generation electronics.The most advanced opportunities demand the ability to form perfectly aligned,horizontal arrays of SWNTs with a uniform structure.However,synthesizing them by conventional chemical vapor deposition（CVD）methods would result in poorly-aligned nanotubes with a variety of chiral species,