基于界面黏结的含根土抗剪强度极限值估算模型

目前根系力学固土定量评估模型中缺乏对根-土界面黏结作用的考虑,为提高量化模型精度及适用性,以广泛应用的Wu模型为基础,结合含根土中根系的破坏模式,通过界面黏结强度参数量化根-土界面间的黏结作用,建立了基于界面黏结的含根土抗剪强度极限值估算模型,考虑了含根土中土体应力、根径、根长、根系与剪切方向初始夹角的影响。含根土直剪试验的实测结果均在估算模型计算值范围内,其中根系与剪切方向夹角为45°时实测值接近模型计算最大值,夹角为90°时实测值接近模型计算极限值的平均值。与Wu模型计算值相比,估算模型精度平均提高了5倍。模型参数敏感性分析表明,根系提供的土体附加强度受根系数量参数、尺寸参数及界面黏结强度参数的影响较大。

基于烟花算法的BP神经网络预测含根土抗剪强度

为了解决BP神经网络在对含根土抗剪强度的预测中存在的预测精度低,计算收敛速度较慢,容易陷入局部极值等问题,本研究通过直剪试验、团聚试验、根系分形分析试验等探究了不同因素对含根土抗剪强度的影响,并对各因素进行相关性分析,从中选取了大团聚体含量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、土壤分形维数(D_(d))、根表面积、平均直径6个影响含根土抗剪强度的因素作为模型输入层节点,含根土的抗剪强度作为输出层节点。参考FangfaGorman理论公式、Kolmogorov理论公式以及一种经验公式分别计算,并对结果进行讨论,确定了本研究中神经网络的最佳隐含层节点数量为13。建立6∶13∶1的BP神经网络模型,并引入了烟花算法(FWA)对BP神经网络进行优化。结果显示,BP神经网络、粒子群算法(PSO)优化的BP神经网络、FWA-BP神经网络的预测值与期望值的最大相对误差分别为11.12%、9.06%、7.44%,平均相对误差分别为4.60%、3.24%、1.96%,相较于BP神经网络和PSO-BP神经网络,FWA-BP神经网络预测误差值有明显降低;对比引入的统计参数,均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE),FWA-BP神经网络对应的数值分别为0.779353、0.625993、5.6679%,均小于作为对比的普通BP神经网络和PSO-BP神经网络,显示出FWA-BP神经网络在实际应用中的优越性。

火烧迹地根系分布对浅层含根土土水特征及渗透特性的影响

火灾会造成森林浅层土水力特性发生改变,植物根系可以改变土壤土水特征和渗透特性。以重庆市北碚区缙云山虎头村的火烧迹地为研究对象,采用平衡锥仪法、烘干法等测定不同火灾程度下马尾松林和毛竹林土壤的液限、密度、饱和含水率等基本物理性质,通过变水头渗透试验测定浅层含根土的饱和渗透系数k s,采用激光粒度仪法测定颗粒级配曲线并基于van-Genuchten(VG)模型拟合土-水特征曲线。结果表明:1)森林火灾导致其浅层土壤密度降低,饱和含水率、液限、孔隙度等显著升高;2)火烧迹地根系数量减少,其中0~<2 mm径级的细根数量变化最大,减少约30%~50%;3)对于轻、中和重3种火烧程度,马尾松林火烧后其饱和渗透系数升高,尤其在重度火烧区表层土相比未遭受火烧浅层土的渗透系数提高58.26倍,毛竹林导水率变化规律与马尾松林相似且渗透系数的改变程度更大,其重度火烧区表层土的渗透系数提高162.24倍;4)火烧迹地浅表层含根土土-水特征曲线进气值参数α随火烧程度的加剧而降低3.0%~6.8%,其孔径分布参数n随火烧程度的加剧而增加6%~30%。研究结果进一步量化森林火灾对浅表层含根土饱和渗透特性和土水特征的影响,为火烧迹地边坡水力特性研究及边坡稳定分析提供科学依据。

植物根系分布形态及含根复合土强度特性试验

根系空间分布形态对含根复合土体抗剪强度影响显著。近年来快速发展的透明土试验技术为非嵌入式可视化观测植物根系分布形态提供了技术支撑。基于Carbopol Ultrez10制配成透明黏土材料,开展高羊茅、香根草两种植物根系生长过程中的分布形态观测研究;并与植物在天然砂土与天然黏土中的根系生长长度进行对比分析。继而,开展高羊茅植物根系分别在水平、竖直、倾斜、相交及混合等分布形态下含根复合土体的十字板剪切试验,探讨最优含根量、根系增强效应系数以及表层加筋效应等问题。试验结果表明,透明黏土材料中最优含根量约为0.35%,混合分布形态下根系增强效应最明显,根系增强效应系数约为1.4~1.5。

根土复合体的抗剪强度研究

随着我国高速公路、铁路等基础设施的大量建设,工程边坡的生态修复与防护越来越多,含有植物根系的根土复合体力学性质,是决定生态边坡稳定性的重要因素.通过分析含有两种不同根系不同含根量含根土的直接剪切试验,运用Matlab对试验数据进行不同次数的最小二乘拟合分析,得出如下结论:含根土作为一种复合体材料的强度近似符合库仑定理,其抗剪强度τf随着含根量的增加而增大;含根量对内摩擦角的影响与土本身内摩擦角大小有关,本身内摩擦角小的土影响大,而本身内摩擦角大的土影响小,粘聚力则随着含根量的增大而增大.

Effect of Deep Loosening on Soil Structure and Maize Root Activity

[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the effects of deep loos- ening on soil structure and the activity of maize root system, to provide a theoreti- cal basis for the efficient and rational use of water resources. [Method] Three differ- ent loosening treatments for maize in ridges were performed in field trials as fol- lows： conventional ridge tillage, loosening the cm in spring （deep loosening in spring）, and depth of 30 cm in autumn （deep loosening in soils between rows to a depth of 30 oosening the soils between rows to a autumn）. Then the soil properties and the development of root system were measured to evaluate the effects of different loosening methods. [Result] Soil compactness was significantly reduced after deep loosening in spring, There were significant differences in soil compactness in 0-20 cm depth and soil bulk density in 0-40 cm depth between deep loosening in spring and deep loosening in autumn, deep loosening in spring and conventional ridge tillage. The soil water holding capacity was also significantly different between the two deep loosening treatments and conventional ridge tillage. Moreover, the root ac- tive absorption area of maize of deep loosening in spring was higher than that of conventionai ridge tillage. [Conclusion] Deep loosening can reduce soil compactness, bulk density, and improve soil water holding capacity, soil water content and the root activity of maize. Deep loosening in spring is better in soil improvement be- cause spring is closer to the growth period of crops than autumn. So, deep loosen- ing is conducive to the improvement of soil compactness and structure.

Seasonal changes of soil respiration in Betula platyphylla forest in Changbai Mountain, China

A stdudy was conducted to determine the seasonal changes of soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in Betula plaophylla forest in Changbai Mountain from May to September in 2004. Results indicated that the total soil respiration, root-severed soil respiration and the root respiration followed a similar seasonal trend, with a high rate in summer due to wet and high temperature and a low rate in spring and autumn due to lower temperature. The mean rates of total soil respiration, root-severed soil respiration and root respiration were 4.44, 2.30 and 2.14 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, respectively during the growing season, and they were all exponentially correlated with temperature. Soil respiration rate had a linear correlation with soil volumetric moisture. The Q10 values for total soil respiration, root-severed soil respiration and root respiration were 2,82, 2.59 and 3. 16, respectively. The contribution rate of root respiration to the total soil respiration was between 29.3% and 58.7% during the growing season, indicating that root is a major component of soil respiration. The annual mean rates of total soil respiration, root-severed soil respiration and root respiration were 1.96, 1.08, and 0.87 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, or 741.73 408.71, and 329.24 g.m^-2.a^-1, respectively. Root respiration contributed 44.4% to the annual total soil respiration. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil lemperature was useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Changbai Mountain B. platyphylla forest ecosystem in response to forest management and climate change.

Effect of NH_4^+-N/NO_3^--N Ratios on Growth and Some Physiological Parameters of Chinese Cabbage Cultivars

The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chmensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:10…

Root Exudates, Rhizosphere Zn Fractions, and Zn Accumulation of Ryegrass at Different Soil Zn Levels

A glasshouse experiment was conducted using a root-bag technique to study the root exudates, rhizosphere Zn fractions, and Zn concentrations and accumulations of two ryegrass cultivars （Lolium perenne L. cvs. Airs and Tede） at different soil Zn levels （0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mmol kg^-1 soil）. Results indicated that plant growth of the two cultivars was not advérsely affected at soil Zn level ≤ 8 mmol kg^-1. Plants accumulated more Zn as soil Zn levels increased, and Zn concentrations of shoots were about 540 μg g^-1 in Aris and 583.9 μg g^-1 in Tede in response to 16 mmol Zn kg^-1 soil. Zn ratios of shoots to roots across the soil Zn levels were higher in Tede than in Airs, corresponding with higher rhizosphere available Zn fractions （exchangeable, bound to manganese oxides, and bound to organic matter） in Airs than in Tede. Low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids （oxalic, tartaric, malic, and succinic acids） and amino acids （proline, threonine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, etc.） were detected in root exudates, and the concentrations of LMW organic acids and amino acids increased with addition of 4 mmol Zn kg^-1 soil compared with zero Zn addition. Higher rhizosphere concentrations of oxalic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, and proline in Tede than in Airs likely resulted in increased Zn uptake from the soil by Tede than by Airs. The results suggested that genotypic differences in Zn accumulations were mainly because of different root exudates and rhizosphere Zn fractions.

Effects of Thinning and Litter Fall Removal on Fine Root Production and Soil Organic Carbon Content in Masson Pine Plantations

Soils play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, and can be major source or sink of CO2 depending upon land use, vegetation type and soil management practices. Fine roots are important component of a forest ecosystem in terms of water and nutrient uptake. In this study the effects of thinning and litter fall removal on fine root production and soil organic carbon content were examined in 20-year-old Masson pine （Pinus resinosa） plantations in Huitong, Hunan Province of China in the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. The results showed that fine root production was significantly lower in the thinning plots than in the control plots, with a decrease of 58% and 14% in 2004 and 2005 growing seasons, respectively. Litter fall removal significantly increased fine root production by 14% in 2004. Soil temperature （Tsoil） and soil moisture （Msoil） were higher in the thinning plots than those in the controls. Litter fall removal had significant effects on Tsoil and Msoil. Soil organic carbon content was higher in the thinning plots but was lower in the plots with litter fall removal compared with that in the controls. Our results also indicated that annual production of fine roots resulted in small carbon accumulation in the upper layers of the soil, and removal of tree by thinning resulted in a significant increase of carbon storage in Masson pine plantations.

Effects of Soil pH，Texture，Moisture，Organic Matter and Cadmium Contenton Cadmium Diffusion Coefficient

The supply of cadmium from soil to plant roots mainly depends on the diffusion process. This work was conducted tostudy the effect of some soil properties on cadmium diffusion coefficient (D) in soil. Measurements were made using the Shofield and Graham-Bryce's isotopic labelling method. Cadmium diffusion coefficients varied from 10￣(-7) to 10￣(-9) cm￣2s￣(-1),Higher values were observed in acid sandy soils and lower values in calcareous clay soils. Liming an acid soil resulted in a sub-stantial decrease of D. Addition of cadmium as nitrate salt generally increased D, while addition of sewage sludge and organ-ic matter resulted in a significant decrease of cadmium diffusion. The rhizospheric activity also induced a moderate reduction in D. The relationships between D 10￣(-9)cm￣2s￣(-1)) on the one hand and soil PH, moisture (Mc, g kg￣(-1)), organic matter (OM, gkg￣1 ), clay (Cy, g kg￣(-1)) and cadmium content (Cd, mg kg￣(-1)) on the other were obtained by the multigle regression:D=182. 1-29.g1 pH+0.210Mc-0.303OM+0.011Cy+1.64Cd (R￣2=0.859,n=22 ).

Relative position of seeds driven the seedling growth are mediated by root-leaf traits

Variations in plant traits are indicative of plant adaptations to forest environments,and studying their relationships with tree growth provides valuable insights into forest regeneration.The spatial arrangement of plant seeds within the forest litter or soil critically infuences the variations of root-leaf traits,thereby affecting the adaptive strategies of emerging seedlings.However,our current understanding of the impacts of individual root-leaf traits on seedling growth in different relative position,and whether these traits together affect growth,remains limited.This study focuses on the dominant tree species,Castanopsis kawakamii,within the Sanming C.kawakamii Nature Reserve of China.The present experiment aimed to examine the variations in root-leaf traits of seedling,focus on the relative positions of seeds within different layers:beneath or above the litter layer,or within the bare soil layer(without litter).Our fndings provided evidence supporting a coordinated relationship between root and leaf traits,wherein leaf traits varied in conjunction with root traits in the relative positions of seeds.Specifcally,we observed that seedlings exhibited higher values for specifc leaf area and average root diameter,while displaying lower root tissue density.The mixed model explained 86.1%of the variation in root-leaf traits,surpassing the variation explained by the relative positions.Furthermore,soil nitrogen acted as a mediator,regulating the relationship between seedling growth and root-leaf traits,specifcally leaf dry matter content and root tissue density.Therefore,future studies should consider artifcially manipulating tree species diversity based on root-leaf traits characteristics to promote forest recovery.

Plant size,environmental factors and functional traits jointly shape the stem radius growth rate in an evergreen coniferous species across ontogenetic stages

Aims Plant size,environmental conditions and functional traits are important for plant growth;however,it is less clear which combination of these factors is the most effective for predicting tree growth across ontogenetic stages.Methods We selected 65 individuals of an evergreen coniferous species,Pinus koraiensis,with diameters at breast height(DBH)from 0.3 to 100 cm in Northeast China.For each individual,we measured the stem radius growth rate(SRGR,µm/year)for the current year,environmental factors(light,soil nutrient and soil water)and functional traits(leaf,branch and root traits).Important Findings SRGR increased with DBH when the DBH was lower than 58 cm,whereas it decreased with DBH when the DBH was larger than 58 cm.Structural equation modeling analysis suggested that,when the DBH was 0–15 cm,plant size had a direct negative influence on SRGR and an indirect positive influence on SRGR due to the light intensity above the plant.Plant size had direct positive and negative effects when the DBH was 16–58 cm and 59–100 cm,respectively.When the DBH was larger than 15 cm,soil parameters were more important than light intensity for SRGR.The functional traits selected for use in the best model were changed from the specific leaf area and wood density to the root nitrogen concentration with increasing tree size.In summary,plant size,environmental factors and functional traits jointly shaped tree growth,and their relative influence varied with size,suggesting that the resources limiting tree growth may change from light to soil nutrient with increasing tree size.