Preparation of UV-visible light responsive photocatalyst from titania-bearing blast furnace slag modified with(NH_4)_2SO_4

Sulfate-modified titanium dioxide-bearing blast furnace slag（STBBFS） photocatalysts were prepared by the high energy ball milling method with（NH4）2SO4 and titanium dioxide-bearing blast furnace slag（TBBFS） as raw materials.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）,UV-visible diffuse reflectance absorption spectra（UV-Vis）,adsorption experiment and photocatalytic degradation measurement were conducted to characterize the structure,surface status,light absorption capacity,adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity of the obtained photocatalysts.The adsorption equilibrium was described by the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 8.25 mg/g of Cr（VI） ions onto the STBBFS photocatalysts.As a result,sulfation of TBBFS improved the photocatalytic activities of STBBFSx photocatalysts.At a low calcination temperature,the photocatalytic activity of STBBFS300 photocatalyst was markedly higher compared with TBBFSx prepared at high calcination temperature,indicating that the photocatalytic activity of STBBFSx photocatalyst was determined by the balanced result between adsorption capacity and perovskite content.

塔里木流动沙漠工程地质特点

塔里木石油工业的发展很大程度上决定了中国石油工业的发展速度。随着塔里木石油工业的大发展,沙漠工程地质自然摆到了岩土工作的议事日程上。通过20世纪80年代中期在沙漠工作的经验,介绍了沙漠中一些鲜为人知的工程地质特性和现象,希望对石油开发的工程地质工作有所帮助。

Effect of Initial Soluble Salt Composition of Saline Soil on Salinity Tolerance of Barley Plant

A pot experiment was carried out on a marine saline soil to study the effect of initial soluble Na/Ca ratio of saline soil on the salinity tolerance of barley plant.The results showed that (1) the Na/Ca ratio affected significantly the dry weight of the plant at an earlier stage of growth,the critical values of initial Na/Ca ratio at which the plant could grow normally on soils containing salts of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5g kg^-1 were 30,20 and 15,respectively;(2)smaller Na/Ca ratio resulted in a considerable decrease in Na accumulation but a great increase in K accumulation in the barley plant;and (3) the plasmallema of barley leaf were badly injured when the Na/Ca ratio was more than 30 and the increase of Na content of plant caused an exudation of K from the leaf cells.Some critical indexes were suggested for the cultivation of barley plant on marine saline soils and could be used as reference in the biological reclamation of marine saline soils.

水泥土挤密桩处理含盐湿陷性黄土地基施工技术研究

文章主要阐述了新疆地区湿陷性黄土与盐渍土的关系,介绍了湿陷性黄土的处理方法。并通过京新高速(G7)新疆境内大黄山~乌鲁木齐段改扩建工程第DWGJ-3合同段水泥土挤密桩处理含盐湿陷性黄土的施工技术研究,确定水泥土挤密桩对新疆地区含盐湿陷性黄土的处理效果,为今后新疆地区处理含盐湿陷性黄土地基施工提供借鉴。

Performance and Modeling of an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket(UASB) Reactor for Treating High Salinity Wastewater from Heavy Oil Production

In this study,an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor was applied to treat the high salinity wastewater from heavy oil production process.At a HRT of ≥24 h,the COD removal reached as high as 65.08% at an influent COD ranging from 350mg/L to 640mg/L.An average of 74.33% oil reduction was also achieved in the UASB reactor at an initial oil concentration between 112mg/L and 205mg/L.These results indicated that this heavy oil production related wastewater could be degraded efficiently in the UASB reactor.Granular sludge was formed in this reactor.In addition,two models,built on the back propagation neural network(BPNN) theory and linear regression techniques were developed for the simulation of the UASB system performance in the oily wastewater biodegradation.The average error of COD and oil removal was-0.65% and 0.84%,respectively.The results indicated that the models built on the BPNN theory were wellfitted to the detected data,and were able to simulate and predict the removal of COD and oil by the UASB reactor.

Physicochemical properties of arsenic-bearing lime-ferrate sludge and its leaching behaviors

Physicochemical properties and leaching behaviors of two typical arsenic-bearing lime?ferrate sludges(ABLFS),waste acid residue(WAR)and calcium arsenate residue(CAR),are comprehensively described.The chemical composition,morphological features,phase composition and arsenic occurrence state of WAR and CAR are analyzed by ICP?AES,SEM?EDS,XRD,XPS and chemical phase analysis.The toxicity leaching test and three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure are utilized to investigate arsenic leaching behaviors.The results show that the contents of arsenic in WAR and CAR are2.5%and21.2%and mainly present in the phases of arsenate and arsenic oxides dispersed uniformly or agglomerated in amorphous particles.The leaching concentrations of arsenic excess119and1063times of TCLP standard regulatory level with leaching rates of47.66%and50.15%for WAR and CAR,respectively.About90%of extracted arsenic is in the form of acid soluble and reducible,which is the reason of high arsenic leaching toxicity and environmental activity of ABLFS.This research provides comprehensive information on harmless disposal of ABLFS from industrial wastewater treatment of lime?ferrate process.

Variability of Carbonate Pedofeatures in a Loess-Paleosol Sequence and their Use for Paleoreconstructions

Carbonate pedofeatures were studied in details in a loess-paleosol pedocomplex near Kursk, in the central part of the European Plain. The soils studied included a modern Chernozem and five Pleistocene paleosols. Carbonate morphologies and distributions were described in the field. Various morphologies were sampled for further studies including micromorphology in thin sections and submicroscopic studies under a scanning electron microscope. The complex approach of investigation at macro-, micro-, and submicroscopic levels found that most of carbonate pedofeatures are secondary and multiphase. Many of them are related to cryogenic features. The general trend was of decreasing carbonate content in the older paleosols except for increased content in the 1St and 3rd paleosols. Most of carbonate morphologies are similar in the modern soil and paleosols, but pseudomycelium was found only in the modern Chernozem, while soft masses and impregnations are associated with the paleosols. Detailed study on carbonate attributes revealed their specific features in the modern soil and in paleosols. Veins have dissolution features under the modern environment and seem to reprecipitate in form of pseudomycelium. Coatings in paleosols at a depth of the Ist paleosol include specific fine tubes. Powdery soft masses and impregnations in the paleosols are strongly related to cryogenic fissures and paleopermafrost level. Under SEM they consist of tiny crystals, much smaller than in regular soft masses. Several types of hard concretions were identified：rounded, irregular and platy. Small concretions in the modern Chernozem have similar morphology and similar 14C-age as the rounded concretions of the upper paleosols. They are expected to represent the same generation of concretions. Platy concretions fill the bottom part of the large fissures. The 14C-age of hard concretions varies from 3310±80 yrs. B.P in the Ist paleosol up to 20 400 yrs. B.P. in the 3^rd. As a result we found the reflection of several wet-dry and cold-warm stages in carbonate morphologies and distributions. High variability of carbonates at macro-, micro- and submicroscopic levels indicates several generations and multiphase formation of carbonate pedofeatures in the loess-paleosol pedocomplex. Carbonate pedofeatures in the examined pedocomplex are more informative for the study of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic cycles rather than characterization of a single paleosol.

Effects of Nitrate Concentration in Main Anoxic Zone on Denitrifying Dephosphatation

The effects of nitrate concentration in the main anoxic zone on denitrifying dephosphatation capability were conducted based on modified University of Cape Town （MUCT） process. Meanwhile the relation between optimal nitrate concentration （Nopt） and influent C/N ratio was evaluated, in which the influont chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration was stabilized at （2905：10）mg/L, the influent total phosphorus （TP） concentration was stabilized at （7.0±0. 5）mg/L. The results indicated that： （1） the nitrate concentration in the main anoxic zone had an effect on denitrifying dephosphatation capability, and the average percentages of anoxic phosphorus uptake in total phosphorus uptake （ηa） increased with nitrate cancentration increasing, i.e., increasing from 62.1% at2.0 mg/L to63.7%, 65.6%, 68.1%, and 72.3% at 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8mg/L, respectively; （2） the Nopt as function of influent C/N ratio could be calculated by the equation： y = 0.67x^2-7.79x ＋ 22. 21; the maximum percentages of anoxic phosphorus uptake in total phosphorus uptake （ηa,max） as function of the Nopt could be calculated by the equation： y=0.77-0.33e^-（x/1.52）. The Nopt was the important control parameter that must be optimized for operation of conveational biological nutrieat removal activated sludge （BNRAS） system.

Radionuclides and mercury in the salt lakes of the Crimea

^99Sr concentrations, resulting from the Chernobyl NPP accident, were determined in the salt lakes of the Crimea （Lakes Kiyatskoe, Kirleutskoe, Kizil-Yar, Bakalskoe and Donuzlav）, together with the redistribution between the components of the ecosystems. The content of mercury in the waters of the studied reservoirs was also established. Vertical distributions of natural radionuclide activities （^238U, ^232Th, ^226Ra, ^210pb, ^40K） and anthropogenic ^137Cs concentrations （as radiotracers） were determined in the bottom sediments of the Koyashskoe salt lake （located in the south-eastern Crimea） to evaluate the long- term dynamics and biogeochemical processes. Radiochemical and chemical analysis was undertaken and radiotracer and statistical methods were applied to the analytical data. The highest concentrations of ^99Sr in the water of Lake Kiyatskoe （350.5 and 98.0 Bq/m^3） and Lake Kirleutskoe （121.3 Bq/m^3） were due to the discharge of the Dnieper water from the North-Crimean Canal. The high content of mercury in Lake Kiyatskoe （363.2 ng/L） and in seawater near Lake Kizil-Yar （364 ng/L） exceeded the maximum permissible concentration （3.5 times the maximum）. Natural radionuclides provide the main contribution to the total radioactivity （artificial and natural combined） in the bottom sediments of Lake Koyashskoe. The significant concentration of ^210pb in the upper layer of bottom sediments of the lake indicates an active inflow of its parent radionuclide-gaseous ^222Rn from the lower layers of the bottom sediment. The average sedimentation rates in Lake Koyashskoe, determined using ^210pb and ^137Cs data, were 0.117 and 0.109 cm per year, respectively.

Assessment of Aquatic Physico-chemistry and Eutrophication Rate at the Lake Tondano

The purpose of this research was conducted to determine the physical factors, namely water temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity and chemical water including pH, phosphate, BOD （biochemical oxygen demand）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, DO （dissolved oxygen）. The factors of physics and chemistry can affect the rate of eutrophication. The data obtained through laboratory analysis of physical and chemical parameters of water samples. Water samples were taken from 8 observation stations. Highly variable results were obtained in each observation station. Data physical parameters were tested with statistical multiple linear regression to determine the effect on water quality, the results show that the physical properties do not affect the rate of eutrophication in Lake Tondano. That is, the amount of total dissolved solids content and total suspended solids, will not affect the rate of eutrophication in Lake Tondano. The results of multiple linear regression satistik test against chemical parameter data that is phosphate, BOD, COD and DO showed as a significant effect on the rate of eutrophication in lakes. The higher phosphate levels will be higher as the increase of the rate of eutrophication in Lake Tondano.

Postmarketing safety evaluation: depside salt injection made from Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)

OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine the postmarketing safety of depside salt injection made from Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae),identifythe potential risk factors, and ensure its clinical safety.METHODS: We examined a comprehensive series of studies on the production process, quality standards, pharmacology, population pharmacokinetics, and safety evaluation of depside salt injection made from Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae). Data from Ⅰ-Ⅳ clinical drug trials, hospital information systems(HIS), and spontaneous reporting systems(SRS) were also analyzed.RESULTS: The effective components of salvianolic acid salt content reached almost 100%, and the magnesium lithospermate B content reached morethan 80%. The median lethal dose(LD50) calculated by the Bliss method was 1.49 g/kg, with 95%confidence intervals of 1.29-1.72 g/kg. Long-term tests on Beagle dogs indicated that doses of less than 80 mg/kg were safe and doses of 320 mg/kg were toxic. Adverse drug reactions(ADRs) included digestive disorders; drug-induced erythrocyte deformation in lung, liver, spleen, kidney, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, lymph nodes, and other tissues; megakaryocytes in lung, liver, and spleen resulting from mild hemolysis; and mild hyperplasia in bone marrow hematopoietic tissue. Other studies indicated no irritative effect of the injection on local tissues and blood vessels, and no allergic reactions, erythrocyte coagulation, or hemolysis. SRS data showed that the most common ADRs were headache, head distention, dizziness, facial flushing, skin itching, thrombocytopenia, and the reversibility of elevated Aspartate transaminase. HIS data indicated no damage to renal function from using depside salt injection made from Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) at a dosage higher than the recommended dose.CONCLUSION: This study analyzes the clinical characteristics of ADRs from depside salt injection made from Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae),and discusses the factors influencing such reactions. It provides scientific reference and recommendations for clinically safe medication of the Danshen injection.

Genetic,Developmental and Temporal Variability in Nitrate Accumulation and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Medicinal Herb Andrographis paniculata

There is a growing concern over the presence of high concentrations of nitrate in orally consumed herbal remedies. Since nitrate accumulation in the plant body can vary with spatial location in plant and plant development and temporally with photoperiod, understanding the relations between these factors and nitrate contents in the consumed herbs are vital for the development of agrotechnical strategies for nitrate avoidance. Therefore, the distribution profiles of nitrate content and nitrate reductase （NR） activity were analyzed in 14 accessions of Andrographis paniculata （Burm.f.） Wall. ex Nees., a medicinal plant widely used as a component of many herbal teas and medicinal infusions. Significant variation in nitrate accumulation in the plant was observed between the accessions, and most contained nitrate levels beyond the safety limit recommended according to the European Commission＇s Scientific Committee on Food. Nitrate content increased with plant development and leaf age, and that in leaf segment was higher in the middle of the leaf than at its tip or base; the nitrate concentration in plant organ followed the order of petiole 〉 leaf 〉 stem, and it was lower at mid-day than in the early morning or evening. Gradients of NR activity were negatively correlated with nitrate content in all studied temporal and spatial profiles. Identification of the characteristic spatial and developmental profiles of nitrate accumulation and NR activity in A. paniculata can guide the development of harvest strategies, aiming at minimizing nitrate contents in the consumed herbal tissue.