成鞋吸水汽性和透水汽性的测试研究

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,成鞋的舒适性逐渐引起广大消费者的重视。而成鞋的吸水汽、透水汽性正是评价鞋子舒适性好坏的两项重要指标。其测试方法和性能指标的研究与建立是很必要的。迄今为止,国内市场没有认可且成型的测试仪器及评价方法来表征成鞋的吸水汽、透水汽性能。基于此,本研究根据重量法原理,自主研发的成鞋透水汽性测试仪并利用其对成鞋吸水汽、透水汽性进行测试,探讨了成鞋吸水汽性和透水汽性的测试方法,初步提出表征鞋类产品吸水汽性、透水汽性的性能的量化指标。

成鞋透水汽性和吸水汽性测试方法

通过自制"出汗假脚",建立了一种成鞋透水汽量和吸水汽量的测试方法。初步探讨了该方法的测试时间和精密度,采用该方法对9种不同帮面、衬里和内垫材质组合的成鞋进行透水汽性和吸水汽性测试。结果表明,在120min后,成鞋透水汽性基本能够达到稳定状态;6次重复测试条件下,成鞋透水汽量和吸水汽量的相对标准偏差分别为7.3%和5.2%,方法的精密度较好;成鞋的透水汽性和吸水汽性与所用鞋材的透水汽性和吸水汽性存在一定关联。该测试方法接近人脚温度及出汗方式,适用于不同环境条件下、不同类型成鞋的透水汽性和吸水汽性测试。

影响长江中下游夏季降水的青藏高原水汽抽吸作用和水汽路径的定量化研究

基于2008年夏季JICA高原探空资料、1979-2015年ERA-Interim和MERRA再分析资料和中国160站点降水资料,首先评估了两种再分析资料在青藏高原(下称高原)的适用性;其次,提出将高原高低层水汽通量散度差定义为高原水汽抽吸指数;然后,采用合成分析法定义了与长江中下游(MLRYR)夏季降水关系密切的水汽路径有5条:孟加拉湾路径、云贵路径、南海路径、低纬路径和汇合路径,并对其强度进行了定量计算。研究表明:ERA-Interim相对MERRA再分析资料在高原适用性更优。在年际变化上,5条水汽路径与MLRYR夏季降水呈同相位变化。5条路径之间关联密切,构成了两条影响M LRYR降水的反气旋式水汽输送相关链:"南海-孟加拉湾-高原南缘-云贵-M LRYR"和"南海-华南-M LRYR"。南海水汽路径是中国东部地区降水重要的水汽通道;汇合路径是调控M LRYR夏季降水的重要水汽输入通道,而云贵东向路径与整个长江流域的降水呈显著正相关。影响MLRYR夏季降水的高原水汽抽吸作用主要发生在高原南缘。高原水汽抽吸作用可以将低层的水汽抽吸至高层,通过增加长江流域西入的纬向水汽输送间接影响到长江流域的降水。

成鞋透水汽测试中最佳通汽条件的研究

在温度（23±2）℃、湿度（40±5）％的密闭实验室条件下，以80、160、240、320mL／h流量将水汽通入相同鞋号、款式、材料的成鞋内，分别在通入水汽前、通入水汽0～10min过程中每隔1min及通入水汽结束静置2h后，测定成鞋的质量，计算得出成鞋透水汽量、吸水汽量及吸水汽率，同时观察通入水汽过程中，成鞋表面及其周围湿度的变化与鞋腔内的情况。结果显示：当水汽流量为160、240mL／h时，成鞋质量变化及成鞋周围的湿度变化较为规律和稳定，且鞋腔内的水汽基本达到饱和、完全饱和。由此得出，最佳水汽流量为160～240mL／h，在此条件下，测试结果更加精确。

Effect of Water Vapor Absorption on Measurements of Atmospheric Nitrate Radical by LP-DOAS

During the measurement of atmospheric nitrate radical by long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy, water vapor strong absorption could affect the measurement of nitrate radical and detection limits of system. Under the tropospheric condition, the optical density of water vapor absorption is non-linearly dependent on column density. An effective method was developed to eliminate the effect of water vapor absorption. Reference spectra of water vapor based on the daytime atmospheric absorption spectra, when fitted together with change of cross section with water vapor column densities, gave a more accurate fitting of water vapor absorptions, thus its effect on the measurements of nitrate radical could be restricted to a minimum and detection limits of system reached 3.6 ppt. The modified method was applied during an intensive field campaign in the Pearl River Delta, China. The NO3 concentration in polluted air masses varied from 3.6 ppt to 82.5 ppt with an average level of 23.6±1.8 ppt.

Binary Adsorption Equilibrium of Benzene-Water Vapor Mixtures on Activated Carbon

Adsorption equilibrium isotherms of benzene in the concentrationrange of 500-4000 mg·m^-3 on two commercial activated carbons wereobtained using long-column method under 30 deg. C and differenthumidity condi- tions. Results show that the benzene and water vaporshave depression effects upon the adsorption of each other and thatthe unfavorable effect of water vapor resembles its single-componentisotherm on activated carbon. A com- petitive adsorption model wasproposed to explore the depression mechanisms of the non-ideal,non-similar binary adsorption systems.

A simplified adsorption model for water vapor adsorption on activated carbon

A simplified model was developed to describe the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon. The development of the simplified model was started from the original model proposed by DO and his co-workers. Two different kinds of carbon materials were prepared for water vapor adsorption, and the adsorption experiments were conducted at different temperatures(20-50 °C) and relative humidities(5%-99%) to test the model. It is shown that the amount of adsorbed water vapor in micropore decreases with the temperature increasing, and the water molecules form larger water clusters around the functional group as the temperature is up to a higher value. The simplified model describes reasonably well for all the experimental data. According to the fitted values, the parameters of simplified model were represented by the temperature and then the model was used to calculate the water vapor adsorption amount at 25 °C and 35 °C. The results show that the model can get relatively accurate values to calculate the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon.

A New Way to Study Water-Vapor Absorption Coefficient

In the visible spectrum, the atmospheric attenuations to sunlight mainly include aerosol scattering, atmospheric molecule Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption, while in the near-infrared spectrum (from 650 nm to 1 000 nm), we must take water-vapor absorption into account. Based on the atmospheric correction theory, using spectrum irradiance data measured by Instantaneous Ground spectrometer, ozone content measured by Microtops Ⅱozone monitor, water-vapor content and aerosol optical thickness measured by sun photometer, we give a new way to study water-vapor absorption to sunlight, and the result shows that the main peak values of water-vapor absorption coefficients are 0.025 cm-1, 0.073 cm-1, 0.124 cm-1, 0.090 cm-1, 0.141 cm-1 and 0.417 cm-1, which respectively lie at 692 nm, 725 nm, 761 nm, 818 nm, 912 nm and 937 nm.

Water vapor adsorption in activated carbon modified with hydrophilic organic salts

Five different kinds of hydrophilic organic salts were used to modify commercial activated carbon in order to prepare hydrophilic carbon materials. Properties of the samples were analyzed by surface area analyzer and SEM-EDX. The hydrophilic organic salts with different properties were introduced into activated carbon and significantly affected the properties of the samples.During adsorption experiments, the water vapor adsorption amount in modified samples increases by 0.57-17.12 times in temperature range from 303 to 323 K and at relative pressure below 0.50. Water molecules combined with surface hydrophilic groups through H-bonding exhibit good thermo stability. The effects of temperature, oxygen content and properties of the hydrophilic organic salts on water vapor adsorption were studied. It is indicated that water vapor adsorption in modified samples is mainly affected by the surface oxygen content. The carboxylate radicals in the hydrophilic organic salts greatly affect the micropore structure of the modified samples, while the metal ions in them exhibit limited influence. Different adsorption capacity of modified samples can be explained with the electronegativity of elements presented by Pauling.

Utilization of Chemically Activated Coconut Shells for Removal of Chromium （VI） from Aqueous Solution

The purpose of this study is to develop low cost adsorbing materials to remove the heavy metals from waste waters. The outer covering of coconut, coconut shell, is the most abundant in the countries of its plantation and enormous use. Utilization of agricultural waste （coconut shell） in the production of activated carbon potentially leads to produce a highly effective adsorbent generated from low cost raw materials that are available in huge quantity as renewable resources. At present coconut shell is not in use as valuable entity due to which disposal and ultimate environmental problems are faced. In this study coconut shells were impregnated with phosphoric acid and chemically activated at 450 C. The potential to remove chromium （VI） from aqueous solution by using activated coconut shells was investigated by batch experiment. The various sorption parameters i.e pH, sorbent dose, sorbate concentration, agitation time and agitation speed were optimized. The sorption of Cr （VI） onto activated carbon, developed from coconut shell, at pH 2 was achieved 81.25%. The best optimum conditions were obtained when 0.75 gm of sorbent was agitated at 150 rpm with 60 mg/L of sorbate for 40 min. Activated coconut shells has potential to be a good resource material for effective removal of chromium （VI） of low concentration from wastewater.

Water Vapor Detection System Based on Scanning Spectra

Scanning the absorption spectral line of water vapor through wavelength around 1368.597nm is successfully used to measure the value of micro-moisture content. The synchronous superposition average of original signal algorithm based on labview is innovated and applied to detecting weak spectrum absorption signal instead of low pass filter. Two data processing methods are used to get the concentration of water vapor in ppm： one is a general formula method which has newly deduced a general formula to calculate the concentration of gas with temperature and beam intensity ratio when the pressure is equal to or greater than 1 atm; the other is engineering calibration method which is proved to have high resolution and accuracy with the fitted curve of beam intensity ratio and concentration in ppm when the temperature changes form 258K to 305K and the pressure ranges from 1 atm to 5 atm.

Wide Absorption Spectrum Measuring Methods by DFB-LDs in Water Vapor Detection System

Two measuring methods of the wide absorption spectrum by distributed feedback laser diodes （DFB-LDs） are presented in detecting the water vapor absorption line. One is the subsection scanning method, and it takes advantage of the wide spectrum tuning range by the temperature modulation and fast spectrum tuning speed by current modulation. Specifically, this method is realized by dividing a target spectral region into several sections which correspond to the specific temperature of DFB-LD, scanning every section by current modulation for hundreds times, and averaging the data to raise the signal to noise ratio （SNR）, then combining all sections to get the whole spectrum. An accuracy of 10ppmv had been obtained in the measurement of water vapor with a 10-cm path length by this method. Another is data fitting method, based on the absorption line-shape function; the absorption line can be described by fitting with partial measured data. The fitting absorption line was fitted well with the measured data, and the square of correlation coefficient （R-square） was no less than 0.99.