It is common to assume that structures are designed in view of 50 year life cycle as per Euro-Code 2 and other codes. In special cases, structures are designed in view of longer life cycle, such as bridges, important ...It is common to assume that structures are designed in view of 50 year life cycle as per Euro-Code 2 and other codes. In special cases, structures are designed in view of longer life cycle, such as bridges, important infrastructure facilities, important religious structures or in case of extended returning period of seismic event or floods. Beside issues of durability and maintenance aspects, this involves also the need to cover the probability of exceeding characteristic design live loads during the extended period, while keeping the same levels of the accepted risk that were assumed by the various codes, as good enough for the standard 50 year life cycle. Bearing in mind that design procedures, formulations, materials characteristic strengths and partial safety factors are used for these structures as per the existing codes, scaling of partial safety factors, or alternatively an additional "compensating" factor is required. A simplified approach and procedure to arrive at a reasonable calibration of the code safety factors based on 50 years to compensate for an extended life cycle, based upon structural reliability considerations, is proposed.展开更多
Today's industry requires more reliable information on the current status of their hard assets; prognosis for continued usability of systems and better predictability of equipment life cycle maintenance. Therefore, a...Today's industry requires more reliable information on the current status of their hard assets; prognosis for continued usability of systems and better predictability of equipment life cycle maintenance. Therefore, an innovative technique for early detection of potential failure and condition monitoring is urgently required by many engineers. This document describes a novel approach to improve industrial equipment safety, reliability and life cycle management. A new field portable instrument called the "IMS (indicator of mechanical stresses)" utilizes magneto-anisotropic ("cross") transducers to measure anisotropy of magnetic properties in ferromagnetic material. Mechanical stresses including residual stresses in Ferro-magnetic parts, are "not visible" to most traditional NDT (non-destructive testing) methods; for example, radiography and ultrasonic inspection. Stress build-up can be the first indicator that something is faulty with a structure. This can be the result of a manufacturing defect; or as assets age and fatigue, stress loads can become unevenly distributed throughout the metal. We outline the evaluation of IMS as a fast screening tool to provide structural condition or deterioration feedback in novel applications for pipelines, petrochemical refinery, cranes, and municipal infrastructure.展开更多
Essentially, it is the lack of these basic abilities: The ability to secure efficiently the production based on the qualitatively reasonable organization and control of the manufacturing processes, and consequently t...Essentially, it is the lack of these basic abilities: The ability to secure efficiently the production based on the qualitatively reasonable organization and control of the manufacturing processes, and consequently to reach production and technical standards and time and financial parameters, supporting the reasonable strategic objectives of an enterprise. This efficiency must be manifested in elimination of basic lasting shortcomings (i.e., inability to meet time schedule of products delivery, the long time of production, the insufficient survey of their course--especially at products with long-run production cycle).展开更多
Indonesian National Electricity Company (PT.PLN (Persero)) has planned to install additional high voltage undersea cable for circuit llI and IV Java-Bali to fulfill electricity demand in Bali. This project was mor...Indonesian National Electricity Company (PT.PLN (Persero)) has planned to install additional high voltage undersea cable for circuit llI and IV Java-Bali to fulfill electricity demand in Bali. This project was more prefered compared to building another power plant in Bali which could raise social and cultural resistance. Life cycle cost method was used to complete the financial feasibility study to ensure if the project has economic benefit, and the asset would be used effectively and efficiently along its benefit period. In this paper, a life cycle cost will be simulated to analyze which alternative is the most profitable: installation circuit III and IV in 2012 or installation circuit III in 2012 and circuit IV in 2017 in accordance with load forecasting demand. This study is used to help the management to make a decision about the project.展开更多
The financial viability of a solar STES (seasonal thermal energy store) installed in a mixed commercial and residential multiunit development of low-energy buildings located in Lysekil, Sweden, a maritime Scandinavi...The financial viability of a solar STES (seasonal thermal energy store) installed in a mixed commercial and residential multiunit development of low-energy buildings located in Lysekil, Sweden, a maritime Scandinavian Climate has been investigated. Using recorded figures for the installation costs and performance, a financial life cycle analysis has been undertaken to determine the cost effectiveness of the system. The time value of money is considered and an LCC (life cycle cost) analysis undertaken to identify the cost-effectiveness of the solution. It shows that while a direct heating and hot water system incorporating STES can be economically viable in a Swedish maritime climate in the long term, assistance such as that provided by government incentives is required to assist with the high capital cost of the initial investment.展开更多
文摘It is common to assume that structures are designed in view of 50 year life cycle as per Euro-Code 2 and other codes. In special cases, structures are designed in view of longer life cycle, such as bridges, important infrastructure facilities, important religious structures or in case of extended returning period of seismic event or floods. Beside issues of durability and maintenance aspects, this involves also the need to cover the probability of exceeding characteristic design live loads during the extended period, while keeping the same levels of the accepted risk that were assumed by the various codes, as good enough for the standard 50 year life cycle. Bearing in mind that design procedures, formulations, materials characteristic strengths and partial safety factors are used for these structures as per the existing codes, scaling of partial safety factors, or alternatively an additional "compensating" factor is required. A simplified approach and procedure to arrive at a reasonable calibration of the code safety factors based on 50 years to compensate for an extended life cycle, based upon structural reliability considerations, is proposed.
文摘Today's industry requires more reliable information on the current status of their hard assets; prognosis for continued usability of systems and better predictability of equipment life cycle maintenance. Therefore, an innovative technique for early detection of potential failure and condition monitoring is urgently required by many engineers. This document describes a novel approach to improve industrial equipment safety, reliability and life cycle management. A new field portable instrument called the "IMS (indicator of mechanical stresses)" utilizes magneto-anisotropic ("cross") transducers to measure anisotropy of magnetic properties in ferromagnetic material. Mechanical stresses including residual stresses in Ferro-magnetic parts, are "not visible" to most traditional NDT (non-destructive testing) methods; for example, radiography and ultrasonic inspection. Stress build-up can be the first indicator that something is faulty with a structure. This can be the result of a manufacturing defect; or as assets age and fatigue, stress loads can become unevenly distributed throughout the metal. We outline the evaluation of IMS as a fast screening tool to provide structural condition or deterioration feedback in novel applications for pipelines, petrochemical refinery, cranes, and municipal infrastructure.
文摘Essentially, it is the lack of these basic abilities: The ability to secure efficiently the production based on the qualitatively reasonable organization and control of the manufacturing processes, and consequently to reach production and technical standards and time and financial parameters, supporting the reasonable strategic objectives of an enterprise. This efficiency must be manifested in elimination of basic lasting shortcomings (i.e., inability to meet time schedule of products delivery, the long time of production, the insufficient survey of their course--especially at products with long-run production cycle).
文摘Indonesian National Electricity Company (PT.PLN (Persero)) has planned to install additional high voltage undersea cable for circuit llI and IV Java-Bali to fulfill electricity demand in Bali. This project was more prefered compared to building another power plant in Bali which could raise social and cultural resistance. Life cycle cost method was used to complete the financial feasibility study to ensure if the project has economic benefit, and the asset would be used effectively and efficiently along its benefit period. In this paper, a life cycle cost will be simulated to analyze which alternative is the most profitable: installation circuit III and IV in 2012 or installation circuit III in 2012 and circuit IV in 2017 in accordance with load forecasting demand. This study is used to help the management to make a decision about the project.
文摘The financial viability of a solar STES (seasonal thermal energy store) installed in a mixed commercial and residential multiunit development of low-energy buildings located in Lysekil, Sweden, a maritime Scandinavian Climate has been investigated. Using recorded figures for the installation costs and performance, a financial life cycle analysis has been undertaken to determine the cost effectiveness of the system. The time value of money is considered and an LCC (life cycle cost) analysis undertaken to identify the cost-effectiveness of the solution. It shows that while a direct heating and hot water system incorporating STES can be economically viable in a Swedish maritime climate in the long term, assistance such as that provided by government incentives is required to assist with the high capital cost of the initial investment.