In this paper we prove that the distributions of their sojourn time and hitting time at one special state for random walks which are allowed to be finite or infinite and Markov chains on star-graphs with discrete time...In this paper we prove that the distributions of their sojourn time and hitting time at one special state for random walks which are allowed to be finite or infinite and Markov chains on star-graphs with discrete time can uniquely determine the probability distribution of the whole chains. This result also suggests a new statistical method for Markov chains.展开更多
Drosophila neurexin(DNRX) plays a critical role in proper architecture development and synaptic function in vivo. However, the temporal and spatial expression pattern of DNRX still remains unclear. For this study, we ...Drosophila neurexin(DNRX) plays a critical role in proper architecture development and synaptic function in vivo. However, the temporal and spatial expression pattern of DNRX still remains unclear. For this study, we generated a novel Drosophila transgenic strain termed the DNRX-Gal4 transgenic line, with characteristic features in agreement with the endogenous DNRX expression pattern. DNRX expression was examined by driving the expression of a GFP reporter(nuclear-localized and membrane-localized GFP) using the DNRX-Gal4 promoter. We found that DNRX was expressed preferentially in central and motor neurons in embryos, larvae and adults, but not in glial cells. DNRX was expressed in pre- and post-synaptic areas in third instar larvae neuromuscular junctions(NMJs). Reporter expression was also observed in the salivary glands, guts, wings and legs of adult flies. In the adult brain, reporter expression was observed throughout several brain regions, including the mushroom body(MBs), antennal lobe(AL) and optic lobe neurons, which is consistent with endogenous DNRX expression via antibody staining. Interestingly, DNRX was also expressed in clock neurons. Meanwhile, we found that DNRX expression in the MBs was required for olfactory learning and memory.展开更多
基金This research is supported by Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation of China(OOJJY2003)Doctoral Program Foundation of Institute of Higher Education of China, and Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(1042007 ).
文摘In this paper we prove that the distributions of their sojourn time and hitting time at one special state for random walks which are allowed to be finite or infinite and Markov chains on star-graphs with discrete time can uniquely determine the probability distribution of the whole chains. This result also suggests a new statistical method for Markov chains.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(3117104131000486)the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB517903)
文摘Drosophila neurexin(DNRX) plays a critical role in proper architecture development and synaptic function in vivo. However, the temporal and spatial expression pattern of DNRX still remains unclear. For this study, we generated a novel Drosophila transgenic strain termed the DNRX-Gal4 transgenic line, with characteristic features in agreement with the endogenous DNRX expression pattern. DNRX expression was examined by driving the expression of a GFP reporter(nuclear-localized and membrane-localized GFP) using the DNRX-Gal4 promoter. We found that DNRX was expressed preferentially in central and motor neurons in embryos, larvae and adults, but not in glial cells. DNRX was expressed in pre- and post-synaptic areas in third instar larvae neuromuscular junctions(NMJs). Reporter expression was also observed in the salivary glands, guts, wings and legs of adult flies. In the adult brain, reporter expression was observed throughout several brain regions, including the mushroom body(MBs), antennal lobe(AL) and optic lobe neurons, which is consistent with endogenous DNRX expression via antibody staining. Interestingly, DNRX was also expressed in clock neurons. Meanwhile, we found that DNRX expression in the MBs was required for olfactory learning and memory.