基于ETL思想的产品全生命周期质量数据整合

针对构建面向产品全生命周期质量数据包的需求,提出了基于ETL思想的产品全生命周期异构质量数据的整合方法.给出了面向产品全生命周期的质量数据映射语义库的构建方法,建立了基于ETL思想的质量数据映射模型,提出了基于组织维度和产品维度的质量数据整合方法.在此基础上,设计开发了质量数据整合软件工具QQ-DI,并验证了所提出方法的有效性.

浅谈施工企业项目管理团队的生命周期建设

项目管理团队是公司实现项目合同目标的主体,项目管理团队的生命周期一般分为以下五个阶段:组建阶段、磨合阶段、正规阶段、成效阶段和结束阶段,本文结合建筑施工的特点对项目管理团队生命周期的5个阶段进行了分析,以期对项目管理有所帮助。

从托达罗模型到年龄结构—生命周期模型

本文探讨了分析中国农民工城市化问题的方法。本文指出,分析发展中国家劳动力乡—城迁移行为的经济学经典模型——托达罗模型——与中国国情之间存在较大差异。为了说明国情,即劳动密集型企业用工年轻化和农民工失业中年化,对中国农民工城市化的影响,托达罗模型必然演进为年龄结构—生命周期模型。运用年龄结构—生命周期模型可以估算出:①农民工家庭进城定居所需的最低连续工作年限为20～35年;②2006年时,年龄在30岁以下的6900多万农民工及其家属都已具备在城市定居所需的最起码的经济能力。

Techno-economic and Environmental Assessments of SAF from Bioamss:An Review

This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.

绿色建筑的设计理念 技术与实践

本文在回顾绿色建筑的发展中提出了绿色建筑设计的理念和宗旨,为在绿色建筑评价标准的框架下,在保证功能、美观、安全、舒适的前提下,使全寿命周期内的投资回报率达到最佳,并提出了建筑设计行业为适应绿色建筑发展而面临的困难和应对措施。最后文章以一个实例说明绿色建筑设计理念在建筑设计中的应用实践。

New LCA Approach with Fuzzy Evaluation

A quantitative and comprehensive method of product life cycle assessment(LCA) with fuzzy theory is developed, which will help designers to select the optimum design scheme for product life cycle design(LCD). Based on the theory of multiple attribute decision making, an algorithm of comprehensive and comparative evaluation for product environmental adaptability is presented. A program is built and used in an example of design improvement. The result shows that the proposed method and algorithm are practical and effective to the development of green products.

山东电网新一代电能量计量系统研究与应用

为了满足电网商业化运行中电能量统计、结算和考核要求,山东电力调度中心建设了新一代电能量计量系统。该系统全面支持IEC61970标准,采用了计量点和统计模型全生命周期管理等先进技术,实现了电能量数据与电网实时运行数据的分析比对,提高了电能量数据的准确性和实用性,大大减少了维护工作量。该系统的有效性、实用性和可靠性已经得到了实际应用的验证,完全能够替代国外系统,可以完成电能量数据采集、处理、存储、统计结算与信息交换的任务。

Durability zonation standard of concrete structure design

Durability zonation standard （DZS） is proposed to provide useful parameters for durable concrete structure design. It deals not only with the influence of environment on structures, but also with types, functions and importance of structures based on the theory of life cycle cost（LCC）. First, the basic concept of DZS for concrete structure design is defined. Then the basic principles for DZS are established. The factors for zonation according to natural environmental conditions and structural importance are identified. The usefulness of DZS by citing a real application for concrete highway bridges in Zhejiang Province is demonstrated. Finally, durability regulations are provided accordingly to zonation.

A dynamic analysis of environmental losses from anthropogenic lead flow and their accumulation in China

Substance flow analysis was applied to analyzing the lead emissions in 2010. It turns out that in 2010, for every 1 kg of lead consumed, 0.48 kg lead is lost into the environment. The emissions in 2010 were estimated to be 1.89×10^6 t, which were mainly from use （39.20%） and waste management＆recycling （33.13%）. The accumulative lead in 1960-2010 from the anthropogenic flow was estimated and the results show that the total accumulative lead in this period amounted to 19.54×10^6 t, which was equivalent to 14.26 kg and 2.04 g/m^2 at the present population and territory.

Lead anthropogenic transfer and transformation in China

Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transformation. Lead transfer and the distribution of chemical species throughout the anthropogenic flow were identified in 2010 in China. The results show that 1.85 Mt lead ore was consumed(besides 1.287 Mt imported concentrated ore and 1.39 Mt lead scraps. After undergoing transformations, 3.53 Mt lead entered end services in chemical species of Pb, Pb O2 and PbSO4, altogether accounting for over 80% of the total lead products. Finally, 2.10 Mt ore was emitted into the environment in such species as PbSO4(26%), PbO(19%) and Pb(15%). Lead transfer begins in primary raw material sectors, and then transfers to manufacturing sectors. Lead provides services mainly in such industrial sectors as transportation, electrical power and buildings or construction.

Grey-theory based algorithm for impact assessment of green design

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important content of green design;the major phase of LCA is impact assessment. After classifying the impact factors, with grey-system theory, the evaluating grey-groups and their whitening weighing functions are defined;the grey-cluster analysis of each classified impact is performed;based on analyzing results, the calculating method of classified impact index is given. By range of action, the impact classes are grouped to three groups - global impact, regional impact, and local impact;the calculating methods of grouped and overall impact index are presented. Finally, an application example of comparative choice of a category of products - three materials, steel, aluminum and engineering plastics is given.

Construction of project quality health monitoring system based on life-cycle theory

In order to more effectively assess the health status of a project, the monitoring indices in a project＇s life cycle are divided into quality index, cost index, time index, satisfaction index, and sustainable development index. Based on the feature of qualitative and quantitative indices combining, the PCA-PR （principal component analysis and pattern recognition） model is constructed. The model first analyzes the principal components of the life-cycle indices system constructed above, and picks up those principal component indices that can reflect the health status of a project at any time. Then the pattern recognition model is used to study these principal components, which means that the real time health status of the project can be divided into five lamps from a green lamp to a red one and the health status lamp of the project can be recognized by using the PR model and those principal components. Finally, the process is shown with a real example and a conclusion consistent with the actual situation is drawn. So the validity of the index system and the PCA-PR model can be confirmed.

Changes in functions,forms,and locations of lead during its anthropogenic flows to provide services

Knowledge of the changes in a material’s function, form, and location during the transfer and transformation of materials to generate human services will improve our understanding of how humanity interacts with the environment and of how services are formed by human activities. We compared lead’s anthropogenic and biogeochemical cycles and found that the services, pathways, and changes in form requiring the most attention. We traced lead through its life cycle and identified the changes in its functions, forms, and locations by examining technology and engineering information. Lead ore and scrap were the two main anthropogenic sources of lead. When lead provides human services, its main functions included the storage and delivery of electricity, anti-corrosion treatments, and radiation protection; the main forms of lead in these products were Pb, PbO2 and PbSO4, and the main location changed from lithosphere in central China to regions in eastern China.

Risk assessment of lead emissions from anthropogenic cycle

The risk assessment right from the source of emissions can effectively guide the pollution control. A model was established, consisting of four part： source estimation, environmental fate analysis, exposure analysis and risk assessment. The human health risk, ecological risk and total risk of lead emissions were assessed. The factors were estimated to indicate the environmental decrease and exposure probability. Of all the 1887 t emissions in China in 2010（quantified in the previous work）, it is turned out 1.3 t reached human bodies（0.9 mg/ca）, and 2.7 t reached the ecosystem. Lead mainly came from the Use stage for the source while lead causing risk mainly came from the Waste Management Recycling and Production stages. As for chemical forms, PbO contributed most to the human health risk and PbSO_4 contributed most to the ecological risk. PbSO_4, PbO and Pb altogether contributed 71% to the total risk, indicating these three chemicals should be taken priority for the risk management.

Facilitating IT outsourcing through improving buyer-vendor interaction in outsourcing life cycle

For a clear understanding of how to foster necessary attributes of partnerships that promote a closer relationship for achieving outsourcing success,this paper tries to explore the role of interaction.Based on empirical data from a logistics and procurement flat system outsourcing case and earlier research,the industrial network approach and the international marketing and purchasing interaction model are used to analyze the nature of interaction in a three-phased outsourcing life cycle,particularly,characteristics and activities of the transition phase are identified.The findings reveal that developing a relationship between partners requires an industrial network perspective.Improving the key aspects of interaction,information and knowledge sharing,communication and collaborative participation,involved in the important events of three phases would contribute to enhance the relationships performance.The key aspects of interaction should take place among the network actors and not just between buyers and vendors.

工程项目全过程造价管理的相关理论研究

我国工程造价管理实践从简单的定额管理逐步朝着全过程造价管理的方向发展。所谓建设项目全过程造价管理,就是根据基本建设程序与规律,围绕有效确定和控制工程造价这个中心,在项目决策、方案设计、项目发包、施工实施、竣工验收及项目后评价各个阶段所进行的监督和控制。

Comparative analysis of perpetual pavement structures based on pavement performance and life cycle cost

Pavement performance and economic efficiency are researched on the perpetual test pavement of Yijiang-Suzhou Express Highway in Jiangsu province, China. Test sections were continuously monitored. The conditions and developing laws of deflection, rutting and cracking are compared among the perpetual pavement with the rich binder layer （RBL）, the perpetual pavement without the RBL, and the conventional semi-rigid asphalt pavement in the past eight years after opening for traffic. Economical evaluation is conducted via life cycle cost analysis （LCCA）. Based on the performance comparison and LCCA analysis, sections with the RBL have good crack resistance, but they are not very satisfactory in the aspect of permanent deformation; the conventional semi-rigid asphalt pavement is the least economic one due to requiring more frequent maintenance. Research results show that the perpetual pavement without RBL is a more appropriate structure for the test site.

A quantitative method for sustainable product development

A quantitative measure-based method for the design and evaluation of sustainable products is proposed. The method uses multi-criteria in product design to meet sustainable requirements from qualitative criteria to quantitative metrics. The method integrates quality function deployment concepts with the life cycle assessment to establish a quantitative method for sustainable product development. It considers both customer needs and sustainable requirements by mapping these needs into design details using the axiomatic design and benchmarking methods. The method is applied in the wheelchair design. Four popular wheelchairs in the market are selected as benchmarks and are rated based on customer needs and sustainable criteria. The design matrix identifies the relationship of functional requirements and design parameters of the wheelchair. Compared to the best benchmark product, the proposed wheelchair can reduce costs by 13.8%, environment footprints 18.55%, mass 4.5%, and components 2.2%.

Environmental impact assessment of China’s primary aluminum based on life cycle assessment

Assessing and accounting for material consumption and environmental impact are necessary to measure environmental externalities of the aluminum industry and to construct an ecological civilization.In this research,life cycle assessment(LCA)theory was used to assess the environmental impact of primary aluminum based on the lime soda Bayer process and different power generation modes,and the sources and distributions of the four selected impact categories were analyzed.The results show that,(1)Negative environmental impact of aluminum industry generally occurs from alumina extraction,carbon anode fabrication and electrolysis,particularly electrolysis and alumina extraction.Primary energy demand(PED),water use(WU),global warming potential(GWP)and freshwater eutrophication potential(FEP)are main environmental impact categories.(2)The environmental load with thermal power is higher than that with hydropower,e.g.,for the former,the greenhouse gas emission coefficient of 21800 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated,while for the latter,4910 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated.(3)Both power mode methods reflect the energy structure,whereas direct emissions reflect the technical level,indicating the potential for large energy savings and emission reductions,and some policies,related to clean power,energy efficiency and technological progress,should be made for emission reduction.

Application of system dynamics for assessment of sustainable performance of construction projects

Sustainable performance is expected to become a major factor when examining the feasibility of a construction project in terms of its life cycle performance. The study on which this paper is based developed a simulation model, using system dy- namics methodology, to assess the sustainable performance of projects. Three major factors are used to examine project sus- tainable performance (PSP): the sustainability of economic development (E), the sustainability of social development (S), and the sustainability of environmental development (En). Sustainable development ability (SDA) was used as a prototype to evaluate the degree of sustainable performance. The simulation software ‘ithink’ was used to help with the application of the model to a real life case. This paper explains and demonstrates the procedures used to develop the model and finally offers an approach for assessing the feasibility of a construction project in terms of its sustainable performance.