This study estimates the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of coffee production in the agroforestry system in the settlements of farmers located in the West of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, in the region know...This study estimates the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of coffee production in the agroforestry system in the settlements of farmers located in the West of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, in the region known as Pontal of Paranapanema, aiming at the development of programs to support the growth of production sustainable coffee and programs to protect the coffee activity before the possible global climate change. The settlements are located in areas with sandy soils and highly degraded by human action Moreover, the region is considered marginal for the production of coffee, because it is subject to periods of high temperatures, prolonged drought and frost risk, which hinders the sustainability of farms. The environmental and socioeconomic impacts of agroforestry are analyzed through Ambitec-agro system, consisting of a set of indicators aimed at ex-post evaluation of the contribution of technological innovation to environmental, social and economic development of an agricultural activity. The system Ambitec involves： （1） general data collection about the technology; （2） application of questionnaires with adopters selected and insertion of data on impact indicators spreadsheets via platform MS-Excel and to obtain quantitative results and impacts partial indexes and aggregates the impact of technology selected; （3） analysis and interpretation of indices obtained, which vary between -15 and 15. The results indicate that agroforestry management can contribute to： （1） maintaining or increasing the sustainability of traditional coffee-growing regions in the case of sudden climate change; （2） the expansion of the coffee regions now considered unsuitable for the cultivation of coffee; （3） for sustainable regional development.展开更多
The aim of the study was to assess the current trend of coffee and khat production as well as the subsequent land use and livelihood change scenario in the area. By so doing, the study tried to identify the impact of ...The aim of the study was to assess the current trend of coffee and khat production as well as the subsequent land use and livelihood change scenario in the area. By so doing, the study tried to identify the impact of both commodities on the socio-economic well being of both the rural and urban communities. These areas, with regard to this particular study, cover all parts of the East and West Harerghe zones of the Oromiya National Regional State, the coffee and khat growing parts of the Somalia and Harari National Regional States as well as the Dire-Dawa Administration Council in Ethiopia. In so doing, the article is partly based on the first hand information gathered especially by the first author during his assigned mission in March 2002 by the institution he was then working for, i.e., Institute of Biodiversity Conservation （IBC）, Ethiopia. The study indicates that on top of other biotic and abiotic stress, ever since the first official appearance of coffee berry disease （CBD） in around 1973, there has been a huge shift in land use from coffee to khat with over 63% of the total coffee land being uprooted and converted into the later. As such, the study points out the fact that if the trend continues to keep unabated, it is very likely that the genetic base of the unique coffee type in the area will be similarly further endangered. On the other hand, the study states that the existing reality on the ground is entirely different from what appears to be true in the development or policy theories. Because of the absence of basic and sustainable options for CBD and other biotic and abiotic hazards prevailing in the area, including on other crops, as well as the absence of a fair trade price for their unique quality coffee at international level, farmers have been obliged to switch and increasingly rely on khat as an alternative God blessed commodity given to their locality. Thus, even though there are growing controversies and/or hasty health and social connotations against khat, it is very unlikely to recover the situation back to the origin so easily, as farmers have already gone far away changes in their way of farming and socio-economic set up, or as stated above in their land use and livelihood circumstances. Before a long-term solution is obtained to solve the multifaceted environmental, social and economic problems and explore other sustainable and socially inclusive alternatives, reckless and hasty restrictions and/or impositions can only be unjustifiable, as they will cause overall socio-economic difficulties to all the communities therein.展开更多
Worldwide, there is a growing demand for products made by technologies that contribute to environmental preservation and to sustainable rural development. In Brazil, organic farming is one of the most established init...Worldwide, there is a growing demand for products made by technologies that contribute to environmental preservation and to sustainable rural development. In Brazil, organic farming is one of the most established initiatives in this area. Therefore, it is important to subsidize the decision-making regarding policies for organic coffee production. Thereby, this study analyzed the socio-economic sustainability of this production system in relation to conventional. We applied a semi-structured questionnaire on coffee farms in the Brazilian coffee producers states and analyzed the coffee production cost structure. We identified the reasons that led the producers to organic management, implications of certification on the management, and prices received by organic coffee and the market mechanism. Results showed that there is no standard for organic coffee production and marketing in Brazil. Among the producers, there are different levels of access to technical information and the main limitation of the organic coffee chain is not the technology of production, but the difficulty of coffee marketing. Another important limitation, for medium and large farms, is the cost of manpower, mainly in areas dominated by mountain, where machines operations are not viable. Moreover, the yield of organic coffee system is generally lower than the conventional. Furthermore, soil and climatic differences lead to different regional behavior. Finally, we could conclude that the production of organic coffee can be sustainable in Brazil mainly in two structural conditions： 1） family farmers; and 2） small producers, who employ only one or two workers, preferably only in the harvest time.展开更多
文摘This study estimates the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of coffee production in the agroforestry system in the settlements of farmers located in the West of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, in the region known as Pontal of Paranapanema, aiming at the development of programs to support the growth of production sustainable coffee and programs to protect the coffee activity before the possible global climate change. The settlements are located in areas with sandy soils and highly degraded by human action Moreover, the region is considered marginal for the production of coffee, because it is subject to periods of high temperatures, prolonged drought and frost risk, which hinders the sustainability of farms. The environmental and socioeconomic impacts of agroforestry are analyzed through Ambitec-agro system, consisting of a set of indicators aimed at ex-post evaluation of the contribution of technological innovation to environmental, social and economic development of an agricultural activity. The system Ambitec involves： （1） general data collection about the technology; （2） application of questionnaires with adopters selected and insertion of data on impact indicators spreadsheets via platform MS-Excel and to obtain quantitative results and impacts partial indexes and aggregates the impact of technology selected; （3） analysis and interpretation of indices obtained, which vary between -15 and 15. The results indicate that agroforestry management can contribute to： （1） maintaining or increasing the sustainability of traditional coffee-growing regions in the case of sudden climate change; （2） the expansion of the coffee regions now considered unsuitable for the cultivation of coffee; （3） for sustainable regional development.
文摘The aim of the study was to assess the current trend of coffee and khat production as well as the subsequent land use and livelihood change scenario in the area. By so doing, the study tried to identify the impact of both commodities on the socio-economic well being of both the rural and urban communities. These areas, with regard to this particular study, cover all parts of the East and West Harerghe zones of the Oromiya National Regional State, the coffee and khat growing parts of the Somalia and Harari National Regional States as well as the Dire-Dawa Administration Council in Ethiopia. In so doing, the article is partly based on the first hand information gathered especially by the first author during his assigned mission in March 2002 by the institution he was then working for, i.e., Institute of Biodiversity Conservation （IBC）, Ethiopia. The study indicates that on top of other biotic and abiotic stress, ever since the first official appearance of coffee berry disease （CBD） in around 1973, there has been a huge shift in land use from coffee to khat with over 63% of the total coffee land being uprooted and converted into the later. As such, the study points out the fact that if the trend continues to keep unabated, it is very likely that the genetic base of the unique coffee type in the area will be similarly further endangered. On the other hand, the study states that the existing reality on the ground is entirely different from what appears to be true in the development or policy theories. Because of the absence of basic and sustainable options for CBD and other biotic and abiotic hazards prevailing in the area, including on other crops, as well as the absence of a fair trade price for their unique quality coffee at international level, farmers have been obliged to switch and increasingly rely on khat as an alternative God blessed commodity given to their locality. Thus, even though there are growing controversies and/or hasty health and social connotations against khat, it is very unlikely to recover the situation back to the origin so easily, as farmers have already gone far away changes in their way of farming and socio-economic set up, or as stated above in their land use and livelihood circumstances. Before a long-term solution is obtained to solve the multifaceted environmental, social and economic problems and explore other sustainable and socially inclusive alternatives, reckless and hasty restrictions and/or impositions can only be unjustifiable, as they will cause overall socio-economic difficulties to all the communities therein.
文摘Worldwide, there is a growing demand for products made by technologies that contribute to environmental preservation and to sustainable rural development. In Brazil, organic farming is one of the most established initiatives in this area. Therefore, it is important to subsidize the decision-making regarding policies for organic coffee production. Thereby, this study analyzed the socio-economic sustainability of this production system in relation to conventional. We applied a semi-structured questionnaire on coffee farms in the Brazilian coffee producers states and analyzed the coffee production cost structure. We identified the reasons that led the producers to organic management, implications of certification on the management, and prices received by organic coffee and the market mechanism. Results showed that there is no standard for organic coffee production and marketing in Brazil. Among the producers, there are different levels of access to technical information and the main limitation of the organic coffee chain is not the technology of production, but the difficulty of coffee marketing. Another important limitation, for medium and large farms, is the cost of manpower, mainly in areas dominated by mountain, where machines operations are not viable. Moreover, the yield of organic coffee system is generally lower than the conventional. Furthermore, soil and climatic differences lead to different regional behavior. Finally, we could conclude that the production of organic coffee can be sustainable in Brazil mainly in two structural conditions： 1） family farmers; and 2） small producers, who employ only one or two workers, preferably only in the harvest time.
