辣椒子叶组织培养

以辣椒A、B、C、D、E五个品种为试材,获得无菌苗,利用浓度不同的培养基进行分化诱导、继代培养和根的诱导。观察记载它们的分化情况,统计分化率,得出品种基因型和BA/NAA值对辣椒组织培养的影响。

Differences in Primary Callus Induction among Different Anthurium andraeanum Varieties

[Objective] This research aimed to optimize continuously the highly efficient regeneration system of Anthurium andraeanum. [Method] The leaves and petioles of four A. andraeanum varieties were used as explants to investigate the differences in primary callus induction among different A. andraeanum varieties. [Result]The callus formation capacity of SAM and SST was stronger than that of SDM and SHG. Among the four varieties, the leaf regeneration capacity of SAM, SDM and SHG was stronger than the corresponding petiole regeneration capacity. However,the petiole regeneration capacity of SST was stronger. The optimum medium for petiole callus induction of SST was 1/2 MS ＋ TDZ 4.0 mg/L ＋ 2, 4-D 0.2 mg/L with induction rate of 87.5%; the optimum medium for leaf callus induction of SAM was 1/2 MS ＋ TDZ 2.0 mg/L ＋ 2, 4-D 0.2 mg/L with induction rate more than90%; the optimum medium for leaf callus induction of SDM and SHG was all 1/2MS ＋ ZT 2.0 mg/L ＋ 2, 4-D 0.2 mg/L with induction rates of 59.34% and 79.63%,respectively. [Conclusion] In addition to variety differences, the differences in differentiation ability among different types of calluses should be also taken into account in the establishment and optimization of tissue culture and rapid propagation technology system of A. andraeanum.

观赏菊的栽培管理

观赏菊有婀娜多姿的悬崖菊，有充满诗意的盆景菊，有一茎多干多花的多头菊，还有一茎一花的案头菊或独本菊。现在园艺栽培中最多的是独本菊，独本菊一般花朵大，色彩丰富，更适宜观赏。独本菊一般选用秋菊品种培养，一般在每年10～12月开放。

Effect of Cultural Measures on Nutrient Contellts in Rice Plants with Erect Panicles

Field experiments were carried out with rice variety of Shennong 91 of short culms and erect panicles to study nutrient contents in high-yielding rice plants and to increase rice yield by appropriate fertilization.Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper contents in rice plants varied with different treatment factors. The relationship between the nutrient contents and treatment factors could be simulated using a multiple quadratic equation. The nutrient contents in plants should be appropriate for high-yielding rice. If the mean nutrient content in rice plants producing 11 t ha-1 or more of grain (μj) was set as the standard value and the standard deviation (σj) was set as the range of variation, the nutrient content in high-yielding rice plants should be μj±1.99σj. Rice leaves were sensitive to the nutrient elements. Heavy nitrogen dressing increased the content of nitrogen in rice plants. Sparse transplanting also increased nitrogen content. Improper application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could affect the nutrient contents and decrease the grain yield.

Progress of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) regeneration through tissue culture

Background: Safflower regeneration through tissue culture has long been limited to low frequency and lack of an efficient protocol that suitable for most safflower cultivars. In past decades, researches had been carried out to investigate safflower regeneration through tissue culture and great progress had been made. Objective: To investigate factors that affect safflower regeneration through tissue culture principally. Methods: This article summarized available literatures about advancements in safflower regeneration, especially discussed factors affecting safflower tissue culture in detail. Results: Safflower regeneration was fairly hard than other congeneric plants, such as chrysanthemum. The genotype, seedling age, type of explants, medium components, plant growth regulators and other additives all had specific influences on safflower tissue culture. More deepgoing researches need to be undertaken to establish an effective safflower regeneration system.

Effect of Long-Term in Vitro Sub-culturing on Quality Degeneration of Sweet Potato Varieties： Morpho- Anatomic Assessment and Simple Sequence Repeats Analysis

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term in vitro sub-culturing on the varietal degeneration of three sweet potato varieties, namely, Monate, Mokone and Ndou which were sub-cultured for 32, 23 and 12 generations, respectively. Each generation was cultured in a media which is made from 4.43 g/L Murashige and Skoog （MS）, 30 g/L sucrose and 2 g/L gelrite, respectively, and grown under 16 h light and 8 h dark photoperiod for 30 d. For each generation, 45 plantlets were acclimatized for two months in a glasshouse. Data on in vitro growth performance and 11 morphological characteristics during acclimatization were recorded. Early root and shoot formation was observed after the 27th and 21st sub-cultured generations of Monate and Mokone, respectively. During acclimatization, plantlets from the same variety showed differences in morphological traits such as leaf colour, abaxial leaf pigmentation, vine pigmentation, petiole pigmentation, leaf wrinkling and flowering. However, the rate of these morphological differences is random and irrespective to increase in sub-culturing. Therefore, to understand the genetic base of these morphological variability, two plantlets from each variety were subjected to genetic analysis by using five simple sequence repeat （SSR） primers （IB-242, IB-318, IB-255F, 1B-248 and IB-255）. Although SSR loci IB-255F and IB-318 could distinguish between the three varieties, there were no allelic polymorphisms detected in plantlets from the same varieties. Therefore, long-term sub-culturing do not leads to quality degeneration in the three sweet potato varieties.

Effect of Paclobutrazol and Auxin on Growth Plantlet of Garlic Varieties in in Vitro Culture

Area of cultivating garlic in Indonesia experienced a sharp decline. In a period of 20 years （1991-2011）, the decline of garlic planting area reaches 91%. The fact is causing erosion of genetic resources of several varieties of garlic. Propagated vegetatively garlic through in vitro culture aims to obtain quality bulblet. This study aims to get the combination treatment between paclobutrazol, indole acetic acid （IAA）, indole butyric acid （IBA） and naphthalene acetic acid （NAA） in some varieties of garlic in Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design （CRD） with two treatment factors, i.e., on varieties （Bali, Gunung Kidul, Slawi, Tawangmangu and Mataram） and 1.5 ppm paclobutrazol combination with a wide auxin （IAA 0.5 ppm, 0.5 ppm IBA, NAA 0.5 ppm）. Variable observations include the current appear shoots and roots, number of shoots and roots, shoots and root length. Observations showed that the combination of paclobutrazol ＋ NAA is able to produce plantlets that have the best vigor than paclohutrazol ＋ IAA and paclobutrazol ＋ IBA combination treatment.

The Allelochemicals Effect of Zygophyllum album on Control of Bromus tectorum

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential allelopathic effects of different concentrations of Zygophyllum album （donor species） aqueous extract （2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%） on germination percentage, plumule and radicle length ofBromus tectorum （weed） and Triticum aestivum （crop species） under laboratory conditions to have the greatest inhibitory allelopathic effect on the recipient species in mixed culture compared to that pure culture. The germination percentage, plumule and radicle length ofB. tectorum in mixed culture was completely inhibited at the highest concentration of aqueous extracts of the donor species level the exerted weak measures as affected by the highest concentration level of donor in pure culture. This inhibition was markedly in obvious B. tectorum that is more sensitive to tested donor. The domineering effect of aqueous extract of the donor was more prominent on weeds than crop species. The variant response to the allelopathic substance could be related to the species specific growth regulatory effect of allelochemicals and concentration dependent. There is possibility of using these allelochemicals directly or as structural leads for the discovery and development of environment friendly herbicides to control weeds.

Response of Two Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas L. Lam） Varieties Regenerated on Low Cost Tissue Culture Medium

Plant tissue culture continues to be of great interest within the realms of molecular biology, plant breeding and plant health However, different plant cultivars have different culture efficiencies to tissue culture. In this research, the response of two Kenyan sweet potato varieties, KEMB 36 and Tainurey, cultured on a low cost tissue culture medium was evaluated. The low cost medium contained plant nutrients that were obtained from locally available fertilizers. Each conventional Murashige and Skoog （MS） macronutrient was individually substituted with a locally available fertilizer. The conventional source of micronutrients was substituted with Stanes~ Iodized Microfood while sucrose was obtained from table sugar. Performance of the two cultivars was monitored over a period of six weeks. KEMB 36 had a better performance than Tainurey with an average of eight nodes, seven leaves, three roots and height of four centimeters per plantlet indicating genotype-dependent response.

The Viable but Non-culturable State in Xanthomonas citri subsp, citri is a Reversible State Induced by Low Nutrient Availability and Copper Stress Conditions

Xcc （Xanthomonas citri subsp, citri） causes citrus bacterial canker, a leaf, stem and fruit spotting disease that affects most commercial citrus species and cultivars. Copper compounds, widely used for management of this pathogen, have been reported as inducers of a VBNC （viable but non-culturable state） in plant pathogenic bacteria. VBNC may be considered as a state preceding bacterial death or as a survival mechanism under adverse conditions. Several experiments were performed to characterize the reversibility and persistence of the VBNC state in Xcc. VBNC was induced in low nutrient medium or with amendment of copper at concentrations used for field disease control. The VBNC condition was demonstrated to persist up to 150 days after copper treatment and was reversed after the addition of culture media without copper or amendment with citrus leaf extract. Xcc viability was evaluated by recovery of colonies on culture media, confirmed by membrane integrity, respiratory activity and by real-time RT-PCR targeting a sequence from the gumD gene. Besides, the colonies recovered were pathogenic on citrus leaves. These results confirm that the VBNC state in Xcc is inducible and reversible and therefore may occur in the phyllosphere when Xcc is under copper stress or starvation.

生物课应适当介绍克隆知识

生物课应适当介绍克隆知识□兰州市四十五中张其纲当前，生物界关于克隆技术研究的进展，是生命科学的一大突破，它的革命意义深远而广泛，但也为人类社会带来很大冲击和影响。对这样一个重大的科技问题，在中学生物课教学中，有必要向中学生作一些适当的讲解和介绍。中学...

Effect of Different Hormone Combinations on Somatic Embryogenesis in Cotton Cultivar Xinluzao 33(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration for an upland cotton cultivar Xinluzao33 under the induction of different hormone combinations and thus to determine the optimal hormone combination. [Method] Calli of Xinluzao33(Gossypium hirsutum L.) were induced from seedling hypocotyl tissue by a range of DK and BK combinations. Embryogenic calli and embryos were induced on callus-inducing medium(CIM) without any hormones. Callus appearance and quality were compared to determine which medium was the optimal for callus induction. Embryogenesis ratio was calculated to determine which medium was the best for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. [Result] Callus induction rate was 100% in all the 12 hormone combinations.The calli were yellow or kelly, and their texture was loose or soft under low concentrations of DK combinations, green or white, variably compact under high concentrations of DK combinations. The calli induced by BK combinations were kelly or green, covering creamy white substance. The best medium for callus induction was DK6(0.05 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.10 mg/L KT). Embryogenic calli were successfully induced from all the combinations. The efficiency of embryogenic callus induction,embryogenesis, and plantlet regeneration were significantly different among the 12 combinations. The result showed that the embryogenesis ratio was the highest in BK3 combination(0.50 mg/L IBA and 0.50 mg/L KT), 72.86% of embryogenic calli differentiated into somatic embryos after being cultured on CIM for 80 d, and80.93% of the somatic embryos finally regenerated into plants on SEM(somatic embryo induction medium). [Conclusion] These results indicate that hormone combination BK3(0.50 mg/LIBA and 0.50 mg/L KT) was the best medium for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from Xinluzao33.