AIM: To investigate the incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBV-GC) in Kazakhstan and to compare it with that in Russia, Western and Asian countries in order to evaluate the significance of epid...AIM: To investigate the incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBV-GC) in Kazakhstan and to compare it with that in Russia, Western and Asian countries in order to evaluate the significance of epidemiopathologic and ethnic factors. METHODS: In situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded small RNA-1 (EBER-1) was used to identify the presence of EBER-1 signal in 139 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded GC tissues from Kazakhstan. RESULTS: EBER-1 expression was observed in the nuclei of 10% of the cases of GC (14/139), but not in the surrounding normal mucosa. The incidence of the diffuse type of EBV-GC was significantly higher in Kazakhstan (14%, 13/91) than that of the intestinal type (2%, 1/48). Furthermore, the incidence was significantly higher in males (14%, 12/89) than in females (3.7%, 2/53) from all countries. The overall incidence of EBV-GC increased from 6.7% in Asian countries to 8.7% in Russia, 10.1% in Kazakhstan and 16% in Western countries. CONCLUSION: Geographical differences in the incidence of EBV-GC may reflect the epidemiologic factors and/or dietary habits independent of histological type and sex.展开更多
The Chinese Tianshan belt is a major part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, extending westward to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Its Paleozoic tectonic evolution, crucial for understanding the amalgamation of C...The Chinese Tianshan belt is a major part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, extending westward to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Its Paleozoic tectonic evolution, crucial for understanding the amalgamation of Central Asia, comprises two stages of subduction-collision. The first collisional stage built the Eo-Tianshan Mountains, before a Visean unconformity, in which all structures are verging north. It implied a southward subduction of the Central Tianshan Ocean beneath the Tarim active margin, that induced the Ordovician-Early Devonian Central Tianshan arc, to the south of which the South Tianshan back-arc basin opened. During the Late Devonian, the closure of this ocean led to a collision between Central Tianshan arc and the Kazakhstan-Yili-North Tianshan Block, and subsequently closure of the South Tianhan back-arc basin, producing two suture zones, namely the Central Tianshan and South Tianshan suture zones where ophiolitic melanges and HP metamorphic rocks were emplaced northward. The second stage included the Late Devonian-Carboniferous southward subduction of North Tianshan Ocean beneath the Eo-Tianshan active margin, underlined by the Yili-North Tianshan arc, leading to the collision between the Kazakhstan-Yili-NTS plate and an inferred Junggar Block at Late Carboniferous-Early Permian time. The North Tianshan Suture Zone underlines likely the last oceanic closure of Central Asia Orogenic Belt; all the oceanic domains were consumed before the Middle Permian. The amalgamated units were affected by a Permian major wrenching, dextral in the Tianshan. The correlation with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Tianshan is clarified. The Kyrgyz South Tianshan is equivalent to the whole part of Chinese Tianshan （CTS and STS） located to the south of Narat Fault and Main Tianshan Shear Zone; the so-called Middle Tianshan thins out toward the east. The South Tianshan Suture of Kyrgyzstan correlates with the Central Tianshan Suture of Chinese Tianshan. The evolution of this southern domain remains similar from east （Gangou area） to west until the Talas-Ferghana Fault, which reflects the convergence history between the Kazakhstan and Tarim blocks.展开更多
This study analyzed the temporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia （ACA） and their regional differences during 1930-2009 using monthly gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit （CRU）. O...This study analyzed the temporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia （ACA） and their regional differences during 1930-2009 using monthly gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit （CRU）. Our results showed that the annual precipitation in this westerly circulation dominated arid region is generally increasing during the past 80 years, with an apparent increasing trend （0.7 mm/10 a） in winter. The precipitation variations in ACA also differ regionally, which can be divided into five distinct subregions （Ⅰ West Kazakhstan region, Ⅱ East Kazakhstan region, ⅢCentral Asia Plains region, Ⅳ Kyrgyzstan region, and V Iran Plateau region）. The annual precipitation falls fairly even on all seasons in the two northern subregions （regions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, approximately north of 45°N）, whereas the annual precipitation is falling mainly on winter and spring （accounting for up to 80% of the annual total precipitation） in the three southern subregions. The annual precipitation is increasing on all subregions except the southwestern ACA （subregion Ⅴ） during the past 80 years. A significant increase in precipitation appeared in subregions Ⅰ and Ⅲ. The long-term trends in annual precipitation in all subregions are determined mainly by trends in winter precipitation. Additionally, the precipitation in ACA has significant interannual variations. The 2-3-year cycle is identified in all subregions, while the 5-6-year cycle is also found in the three southern subregions. Besides the inter-annual variations, there were 3-4 episodic precipitation variations in all subregions, with the latest episodic change that started in the mid- to late 1970s. The precipitations in most of the study regions are fast increasing since the late 1970s. Overall, the responses of ACA precipitation to global warming are complicated. The variations of westerly circulation are likely the major factors that influence the precipitation variations in the study region.展开更多
文摘AIM: To investigate the incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBV-GC) in Kazakhstan and to compare it with that in Russia, Western and Asian countries in order to evaluate the significance of epidemiopathologic and ethnic factors. METHODS: In situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded small RNA-1 (EBER-1) was used to identify the presence of EBER-1 signal in 139 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded GC tissues from Kazakhstan. RESULTS: EBER-1 expression was observed in the nuclei of 10% of the cases of GC (14/139), but not in the surrounding normal mucosa. The incidence of the diffuse type of EBV-GC was significantly higher in Kazakhstan (14%, 13/91) than that of the intestinal type (2%, 1/48). Furthermore, the incidence was significantly higher in males (14%, 12/89) than in females (3.7%, 2/53) from all countries. The overall incidence of EBV-GC increased from 6.7% in Asian countries to 8.7% in Russia, 10.1% in Kazakhstan and 16% in Western countries. CONCLUSION: Geographical differences in the incidence of EBV-GC may reflect the epidemiologic factors and/or dietary habits independent of histological type and sex.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411301)the Bureau of China Geological Survey (Grant No. 1212010611806)ISTO
文摘The Chinese Tianshan belt is a major part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, extending westward to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Its Paleozoic tectonic evolution, crucial for understanding the amalgamation of Central Asia, comprises two stages of subduction-collision. The first collisional stage built the Eo-Tianshan Mountains, before a Visean unconformity, in which all structures are verging north. It implied a southward subduction of the Central Tianshan Ocean beneath the Tarim active margin, that induced the Ordovician-Early Devonian Central Tianshan arc, to the south of which the South Tianshan back-arc basin opened. During the Late Devonian, the closure of this ocean led to a collision between Central Tianshan arc and the Kazakhstan-Yili-North Tianshan Block, and subsequently closure of the South Tianhan back-arc basin, producing two suture zones, namely the Central Tianshan and South Tianshan suture zones where ophiolitic melanges and HP metamorphic rocks were emplaced northward. The second stage included the Late Devonian-Carboniferous southward subduction of North Tianshan Ocean beneath the Eo-Tianshan active margin, underlined by the Yili-North Tianshan arc, leading to the collision between the Kazakhstan-Yili-NTS plate and an inferred Junggar Block at Late Carboniferous-Early Permian time. The North Tianshan Suture Zone underlines likely the last oceanic closure of Central Asia Orogenic Belt; all the oceanic domains were consumed before the Middle Permian. The amalgamated units were affected by a Permian major wrenching, dextral in the Tianshan. The correlation with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Tianshan is clarified. The Kyrgyz South Tianshan is equivalent to the whole part of Chinese Tianshan （CTS and STS） located to the south of Narat Fault and Main Tianshan Shear Zone; the so-called Middle Tianshan thins out toward the east. The South Tianshan Suture of Kyrgyzstan correlates with the Central Tianshan Suture of Chinese Tianshan. The evolution of this southern domain remains similar from east （Gangou area） to west until the Talas-Ferghana Fault, which reflects the convergence history between the Kazakhstan and Tarim blocks.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950202)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40971056 and 41021091)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. LZUJBKY-2009-82)
文摘This study analyzed the temporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia （ACA） and their regional differences during 1930-2009 using monthly gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit （CRU）. Our results showed that the annual precipitation in this westerly circulation dominated arid region is generally increasing during the past 80 years, with an apparent increasing trend （0.7 mm/10 a） in winter. The precipitation variations in ACA also differ regionally, which can be divided into five distinct subregions （Ⅰ West Kazakhstan region, Ⅱ East Kazakhstan region, ⅢCentral Asia Plains region, Ⅳ Kyrgyzstan region, and V Iran Plateau region）. The annual precipitation falls fairly even on all seasons in the two northern subregions （regions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, approximately north of 45°N）, whereas the annual precipitation is falling mainly on winter and spring （accounting for up to 80% of the annual total precipitation） in the three southern subregions. The annual precipitation is increasing on all subregions except the southwestern ACA （subregion Ⅴ） during the past 80 years. A significant increase in precipitation appeared in subregions Ⅰ and Ⅲ. The long-term trends in annual precipitation in all subregions are determined mainly by trends in winter precipitation. Additionally, the precipitation in ACA has significant interannual variations. The 2-3-year cycle is identified in all subregions, while the 5-6-year cycle is also found in the three southern subregions. Besides the inter-annual variations, there were 3-4 episodic precipitation variations in all subregions, with the latest episodic change that started in the mid- to late 1970s. The precipitations in most of the study regions are fast increasing since the late 1970s. Overall, the responses of ACA precipitation to global warming are complicated. The variations of westerly circulation are likely the major factors that influence the precipitation variations in the study region.
