电动汽车轮毂的结构优化

轮毂作为对汽车安全有直接影响的旋转支撑部分,其安全性显得尤为重要。蜂窝结构是一种轻质、高强度的结构,其受力特性与轮毂在弯曲工况下的受力特性高度相似。因此,基于蜂窝结构对轮毂进行仿生设计,并进行响应面优化。最终仿真结果显示,轮毂的弯曲疲劳寿命达到1.72×10^(5)次,满足国标《乘用车车轮弯曲和径向疲劳性能要求及试验方法》(GB/T 5334-2021)中商用汽车轮毂弯曲疲劳寿命的要求。

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil by Response Surface Method

[Objective] Ginger essential oil （GEO） is widely used in food production and medical field in recent years due to its prominent biological functions, and this study was conducted to obtain high-quality and high-purity ginger essential oil from the fresh ginger. [Method] GEO was extracted from ginger roots by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） method. The effects of flow rate of CO2, mesh size of ginger powder and volume of entrainer were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface method. The content and extraction rate of 6-gingerol represented the extraction index of GEO. [Result] The conditions were optimized as follows： flow rate of CO2 at 25 L/h, mesh size of ginger power of 80 mesh, and volume of anhydrous ethanol as entrainer of 92.46 ml. The optimal extraction rate of 6-gingerol was 3.21%, which was predicted by RSM. [Conclusion] The optimal process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ginger essential oil was identified by singlefactor experiments and response surface method. The present study provides a satisfactory method for purifying GEO from ginger for industrial purpose.

INTEGRATION SHAPE AND SIZING OPTIMIZATION OF COMPOSITE WING STRUCTURE BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD

An effective optimization method for the shape/sizing design of composite wing structures is presented with satisfying weight-cutting results. After decoupling, a kind of two-layer cycled optimization strategy suitable for these integrated shape/sizing optimization is obtained. The uniform design method is used to provide sample points, and approximation models for shape design variables. And the results of sizing optimization are construct- ed with the quadratic response surface method （QRSM）. The complex method based on QRSM is used to opti- mize the shape design variables and the criteria method is adopted to optimize the sizing design variables. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed algorithm is more effective and feasible for solving complex composite optimization problems and has good efficiency in weight cutting.

SCRAMJET INLET MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The uniform design and response surface methodology （RSM） are applied to the multi-objective optimization of a 2-D mixed compression scramjet inlet. The set of experimental design points on the design space is selected by the uniform design, and the inlet performance is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. Then complete quadratic polynomial response surface approximation models are constructed based on the performance analysis results and then used to replace theoriginal complex inlet performance model. The optimization is conducted using a multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-Ⅱ, and the Pareto optimal solution set is obtained. Results show that the uniform design and RSM can reduce the computational complexity of numerical simulation and improve the optimization efficiency.

Prediction and optimization of friction welding parameters for joining aluminium alloy and stainless steel

Friction welding （FW） is a process of solid state joining which is used extensively in recent years due to its advantages such as low heat input,production efficiency,ease of manufacture and environment friendliness.Friction welding can be used to join different types of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals that cannot be welded by traditional fusion welding processes.The process parameters such as friction pressure,forging force,friction time and forging time play the major roles in determining the strength of the joints.In this investigation an attempt was made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the tensile strength of friction welded AA 6082 aluminium alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels joints,incorporating above said parameters.Response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to optimizing the friction welding process parameters to attain the maximum tensile strength of the joint.

Optimization of Steam Explosion Process Condition for Extracting Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla by Response Surface Methodology

【Objective】To optimize the steam explosion process condition for extracting polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla.【Method】The effects of steam pressure,pressure-maintaining time and material moisture content on the extraction of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla were studied by response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design.【Result】The findings showed that each factor could significantly affect the test index,and the optimum condition was as follows:steam pressure 1.50 Mpa,pressuremaintaining time 46 s and material moisture content 46%.Under this condition,the verified experimental value of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla was 39.32%,indicating a relative standard deviation of 2.73%from the predictive value.Meanwhile,scanning electron microcopy(SEM)images showed that the surface physical structure of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was irregularly broken and cracked,which means the physical structure of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was changed and destroyed at the cellular level.【Conclusion】This experiment provides a new approach for the extraction of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla,as well as a reference for the resource utilization of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.

Optimization of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding process parameters to attain maximum tensile strength in AZ31B magnesium alloy

An empirical relationship to predict tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloy was developed. Incorporating process parameters such as peak current, base current, pulse frequency and pulse on time were studied. The experiments were conducted based on a four-factor, five-level, central composite design matrix. The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict the tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints at 95% confidence level. The results indicate that pulse frequency has the greatest influence on tensile strength, followed by peak current, pulse on time and base current.

Modeling and optimization of low-grade Mn bearing ore leaching using response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design

The application of leaching process to extracting Mn from a low-grade manganese ore was investigated using a software based design of experiments. Four main parameters, i.e. sulfuric acid concentration, oxalic acid concentration, time and temperature were considered in a central composite response surface design. The recoveries of Mn and Fe were selected as response of design. The optimum conditions under which the Mn and Fe recoveries were the highest and the time and temperature were the lowest were determined using statistical analysis and analysis of variance （ANOVA）. The results showed that Mn and Fe recoveries were 93.44% and 15.72% under the optimum condition, respectively. Also, sulfuric acid concentration was the most effective parameter affecting the process. The amounts of sulfuric and oxalic acid were obtained to be 7% and 42.50 g/L in optimum condition and the best time and temperature were 65 min and 63 ℃.

Green and efficient epoxidation of methyl oleate over hierarchical TS-1

The epoxidation of methyl oleate(MO)was conducted in the presence of aqueous H2O2 as the oxidant and hierarchical TS-1(HTS-1)as the catalyst;the catalyst was synthesized using polyquaternium-6 as the mesopore template.The effects of various parameters,i.e.,H2O2/C=C molar ratio,oxidant concentration,amount of the catalyst,reaction temperature,and time,were systematically studied.Furthermore,response surface methodology(RSM)was used to optimize the conditions to maximize the yield of epoxy MO and to evaluate the significance and interplay of the factors affecting the epoxy MO production.The H2O2/C=C molar ratio and catalyst amount were the determining factors for MO epoxidation,wherein the maximum yield of epoxy MO reached 94.9%over HTS-1 under the optimal conditions.

Prediction and optimization of end milling process parameters of cast aluminium based MMC

The machining characteristics of LM25 Al/SiCp composite using end milling was investigated.A comprehensive mathematical model was developed for correlating the interactive and higher order influences of various process parameters on the dominant machining criteria,i.e.the tool flank wear phenomena,through response surface methodology,utilizing relevant experimental data obtained through experimentation.Experimental plan was performed by a standard response surface methodology design called a central composite design（CCD）.The results of analysis of variance（ANOVA）indicate that the proposed mathematical model can adequately describe the performance within the limits of the studied factors.Optimal combination of these parameters can be used to achieve the minimum tool flank wear.

Effects of AlN hydrolysis on fractal geometry characteristics of residue from secondary aluminium dross using response surface methodology

The effects of aluminium nitride(AlN)hydrolysis on fractal geometry characteristics of residue from secondary aluminium dross were studied using response surface methodology.The results show that the fractal dimensions of the residue can be significantly influenced by the AlN hydrolysis from secondary aluminium dross.The hydrolysis of AlN in the dross was spontaneous under temperatures of303-373K.The actual fractal dimensions of residue were significantly affected by the liquid-solid ratio(p<0.05)and changed from1.16to1.80,which accurately aligned with those from the calculations.Moreover,the fractal dimensions of residue were significantly affected by the interactions between hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time,liquid-solid ratio and hydrolysis time,respectively(p<0.01).The minimum fractal dimensions of the residue reached1.15under the optimized conditions,which included a hydrolysis temperature of30℃,liquid-solid ratio of5mL/g and hydrolysis time of10min.The results suggest that response surface methodology can guide in optimizing the conditions of AlN hydrolysis in order to obtain the minimum fractal dimensions of residue for improving the reutilization of the dross.

Optimization of Stirring Parameters for Stir-Cast Magnesium Matrix Composites Using Response Surface Methodology

The response surface methodology is used to study the effect of stirring parameters on the mechanical properties of magnesium matrix composites(MMCs).The composites are manufactured using different stirring speeds(500,600,and 700 r/min),stirring time(10,20,and 30 min),and weight fractions(0,2.5%,5%,and10%)of silicon carbide particles.The experimental results show that 700 r/min and 20 min are the best conditions for obtaining the best mechanical properties.Based on the desirability function methodology,the optimum parameter values for the best mechanical characteristics of produced composites are reached at 696.102 r/min,19.889 min,and9.961%(in weight).

Optimization on the Conversion of Bamboo Shoot Shell to Levulinic Acid with Environmentally Benign Acidic Ionic Liquid and Response Surface Analysis

Levulinic acid（LA） has been identified as a promising green,biomass derived platform chemical.Response surface analysis（RSA） with a four-factor-five-level central composite design（CCD） was applied to optimize the hydrolysis conditions for the conversion of bamboo（Phyllostachys Praecox f.preveynalis） shoot shell（BSS） to LA catalyzed with ionic liquid [C4mim]HSO4.The effects of four main reaction parameters including temperature,time,C[C4mim]HSO4（initial [C4mim]HSO4 concentration） and XBSS（initial BSS intake） on the hydrolysis reaction for yield of LA were analyzed.A quadratic equation model for yield of LA was established and fitted to the data with an R2 of 0.9868,and effects of main factors and their corresponding relationships were obtained with RSA.Model validation and results of CCD showed good correspondence between actual and predicted values.The analysis of variance（ANOVA） of the results indicated that the yield of LA in the range studied was significantly（P＆lt;0.05） affected by the four factors.The optimized reaction conditions were as follows：temperature of 145 ℃,time of 103.8 min,C[C4mim]HSO4 of 0.9 mol.L-1 and XBSS of 2.04%（by mass）,respectively.A high yield [（71±0.41）%（by mol）,triplicate experiment] was obtained at the optimum conditions of temperature of 145 ℃,time of 104 min,C[C4mim]HSO4 of 0.9 mol.L-1 and XBSS of 2%（by mass）,which obtained from the real experiments,concurred with the model prediction [73.8%（by mol） based on available C6 sugars in BSS or 17.9%（by mass） based on the mass of BSS],indicating that the model was adequate for the hydrolysis process.

Optimization of Enzyme-assisted Extraction Technology for Tartary Buckwheat Shell Procyanidins with Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature on procyanidin extraction rate by single factor experiment, with tartary buckwheat shell as an experimental material.Main process parameters were optimized to obtain a regression model by response surface methodology. The results of variance analysis indicated that the regression model reflected the relationship between buckwheat shell procyanidin extraction rate with enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature; and the optimal process parameters were enzyme dosage of 6.5 mg/g, enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, pH at 4.7 and enzymolysis temperature at 46 ℃. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these process parameters. In practice, the highest procyanidin extraction rate was 6.78 g/100 g. The relative error between the predicted value of regression model and the actual value was 1.3%. The regression equation fitted the real situation better.

Empirical model for bio-extraction of copper from low grade ore using response surface methodology

The copper extraction in shaking bioreactors was modeled and optimized using response surface methodology（RSM）. Influential parameters in the mesophilic bioleaching process of a low-grade copper ore including p H value, pulp density, and initial concentration of ferrous ions were comprehensively studied. The effect of leaching time on the response（copper extraction） at the 1st, 4th, 9th, 14 th and 22 nd days of treatment was modeled and examined. The central composite design methodology（CCD） was used as the design matrix to predict the optimal level of these parameters. Then, the model equation at the 22 nd day was optimized using the quadratic programming（QP） to maximize the total copper extraction within the studied experimental range. Under the optimal condition（initial p H value of 2.0, pulp density of 1.59%, and initial concentration of ferrous ions of 0 g/L）, the total copper extraction predicted by the model is 85.98% which is significantly close to that obtained from the experiment（84.57%）. The results show that RSM could be useful to predict the maximum copper extraction from a low-grade ore and investigate the effects of variables on the final response. Besides, a couple of statistically significant interactions are derived between p H value and pulp density as well as p H value and initial ferrous ion concentration which are precisely interpreted. However, there is no statistically significant interaction between the initial ferrous ion concentration and the pulp density. Additionally, the response at optimal levels of p H value and pulp density is found to be independent on the level of initial ferrous concentration.

Optimization of Fermentation Process for Human-like Collagen Production of Recombinant Escherichia coli Using Response Surface Methodology

In order to improve the production of human-like collagen III(HLC III)by fed-batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli BL21,the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design were applied to optimize the fermentation process parameters.Three variables(induction time,inoculum age and pH),which have significant effects on HLC III production,were selected from eight variables by Plackett-Burman design.With the regression coefficient analysis in the Box-Behnken design,a relationship between HLC III production and three significant factors was obtained,and the optimum levels of the three variables were as follows:induction time 3.2h,inoculum age 12.6 h and pH 6.7.The 3D response surface plots and 2D contour plots created by the Box-Behnken design showed that the interaction between induction time and pH and that between innoculum age and pH were significant.An average 9.68 g·L1HLC III production was attained in the validation experiment under optimized condition,which was 80%higher than the yield of 5.36 g·L1before optimization.

Optimization of Response Surface of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Rizhao Black Tea

[ Objectivel The aim was to determine the optimal technology for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of black tea was determined. [ Methed] Taking Black Tea as materials, the Box-Behnken response surface design method of tea polyphenols ultrasonic-assisted extraction process optimi- zation was applied. The regression optimization model of the ethanol volume fraction, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic temperature, ethyl acetate extract stalling time and tea polyphenols was established. [ Result] The influence of four factors on the black tea polyphenol solvents affecting size was as follows： ultrasonic time 〉 ethanol volume fraction 〉 stalling extraction time 〉 ultrasound temperature. The best extraction process was ultrasonic time 80 min, volume fraction of 88.99% ethanol, extraction time 89.97 min, ultrasonic temperature of 80℃. At the optimized technical parameters, the black tea phenolic extraction yield can be as high as 73.50%. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development of tea leaves and black tea.

Optimization of the Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa by Response Surface Methodology

[ Objective] The aim was to use response surface methodology to determine optimum conditions for extraction of polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa. [ Method] Response surface methodology with three-factors and throe-levels was carried out for optimizing the extraction process of polysacchafides from Tegillarca granosa. A central composite des（gn including independent variables, such as extraction temperature （A）, extraction time （B）, and ethanol concentration （C） was obtained through Box-Benhnken central combination design. Selected response which evaluates the extraction process was polysacchadde yield. [ Result] The independent variable with the largest effect on response was ethanol concentration （C）. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be extraction temperature 69.6℃, extraction time 6.2 h, and ethanol concen- tration of 78% （V/V）, respectively. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiency of polysaccharide can increase to 1. 635%. [ Coaclusioa] Study on the extraction of polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa could provide certain theoretical direction for extracting polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa on a large scale.

Multiple-response optimization for melting process of aluminum melting furnace based on response surface methodology with desirability function

To reduce the fuel consumption and emissions and also enhance the molten aluminum quality, a mathematical model with user-developed melting model and burning capacity model, were established according to the features of melting process of regenerative aluminum melting furnaces. Based on validating results by heat balance test for an aluminum melting furnace, CFD （computational fluid dynamics） technique, in association with statistical experimental design were used to optimize the melting process of the aluminum melting furnace. Four important factors influencing the melting time, such as horizontal angle between burners, height-to-radius ratio, natural gas mass flow and air preheated temperature, were identified by PLACKETT-BURMAN design. A steepest descent method was undertaken to determine the optimal regions of these factors. Response surface methodology with BOX-BEHNKEN design was adopted to further investigate the mutual interactions between these variables on RSD （relative standard deviation） of aluminum temperature, RSD of furnace temperature and melting time. Multiple-response optimization by desirability function approach was used to determine the optimum melting process parameters. The results indicate that the interaction between the height-to-radius ratio and horizontal angle between burners affects the response variables significantly. The predicted results show that the minimum RSD of aluminum temperature （12.13%）, RSD of furnace temperature （18.50%） and melting time （3.9 h） could be obtained under the optimum conditions of horizontal angle between burners as 64°, height-to-radius ratio as 0.3, natural gas mass flow as 599 m3/h, and air preheated temperature as 639 ℃. These predicted values were further verified by validation experiments. The excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental values confirms the validity and practicability of this statistical optimum strategy.

Reliability-based design optimization for flexible mechanism with particle swarm optimization and advanced extremum response surface method

To improve the computational efficiency of the reliability-based design optimization(RBDO) of flexible mechanism, particle swarm optimization-advanced extremum response surface method(PSO-AERSM) was proposed by integrating particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm and advanced extremum response surface method(AERSM). Firstly, the AERSM was developed and its mathematical model was established based on artificial neural network, and the PSO algorithm was investigated. And then the RBDO model of flexible mechanism was presented based on AERSM and PSO. Finally, regarding cross-sectional area as design variable, the reliability optimization of flexible mechanism was implemented subject to reliability degree and uncertainties based on the proposed approach. The optimization results show that the cross-section sizes obviously reduce by 22.96 mm^2 while keeping reliability degree. Through the comparison of methods, it is demonstrated that the AERSM holds high computational efficiency while keeping computational precision for the RBDO of flexible mechanism, and PSO algorithm minimizes the response of the objective function. The efforts of this work provide a useful sight for the reliability optimization of flexible mechanism, and enrich and develop the reliability theory as well.