诗歌哲言中友情隐喻变迁的跨文化探究

隐喻是语言中普遍存在的现象,在诗歌哲言中表现得最为丰富。诗歌哲言带有深厚历史文化积淀,折射出不同时代人的思维方式及社会文化特征。友情隐喻是诗歌哲言中一个常见的源域,通过对中英诗歌哲言及诗学思想的对比、分析,挖掘中国诗歌哲言深层的隐喻概念和思想,并从跨文化的角度证实西方隐喻理论的普遍认知观。研究表明:尽管中西文化存在差异,但在诗歌哲言的基本认知观上已有共识。中国学术史上缺少隐喻研究的统一理论框架,但中国诗学传统从不缺乏对隐喻认知的真知灼见。

浅谈哲言在初中思想品德教材中的巧妙运用

作者力图找到传统教育和现代教育结合的切入点,探索现代教育规律的同时弘扬传统文化,特别是充满智慧的中国古代哲言,把这些我们先祖留下的瑰宝发扬光大,并运用到现代思想教育中。思想品德教材给我们提供了一个很好的平台。现代思想教育的途径很多,作者认为自我教育更符合新课程理念中的"学本"理念。

沟通哲言

沟通哲言关制钧你能把误解你的人转为理解你的人，你往往就能把反对你的人变成支持你的人。不中听不能中意，不顺眼不会顺心。如果你让人感到畏惧．那么你就离计人憎恶不远了。不相信自己能够说服别人，那么你就最终必然很难说服别人。经不起下属的埋怨，只能使下属对你产...

行业哲言

英汉属于不同的语系,彼此差异甚大。汉语成语,洋洋洒洒,一册厚厚的汉语成语词典就够人们品味学习一辈子。几乎每一个成语的背后都有一则年代久远的耐人寻味的故事。成语,是我国语言文化宝库中一颗璀璨的明珠。“成语”在英语中的说法是idiom,而翻开任何一册Dictionary of English Idioms,你都会失望。这大概是每一个初学英语者的共同感受。成语=idiom。

心系消防——献给一位企业专职消防队长

你没有如诗的人生让人讴歌唯有点滴真情永留心间你用心勾勒企业消防的蓝图又用行动捍卫企业的安全你选择了无悔的事业懂得了消防工作的伟大和奉献的心酸于是。

盘珠

盘珠高潮我是颗小小的盘珠，跳动在审计行业的大算盘上。上下翻飞，是我优美的舞姿；滴滴嗒嗒，是我高亢的吟唱。职业习惯，养成我快乐的性格；繁忙的工作，磨练出沉稳和涵养。任组织拔动，我都绝对服从，干一行爱一行专一行。为国家，为集体，那怕整天磕磕打打、顶顶撞撞...

Wittgenstein and Kuhn on Paradigm

Wittgenstein in Philosophical Investigations and On Certainty develops a revolutionary conception of knowledge, of philosophy of language, and of philosophy of science. Very close to language-games is a concept that is important but did not attract much attention, the one of paradigm. In this paper this concept is analyzed together with notions such as context, use, reference, language-games, reality, science, truth, method, propositions, among others by means of which a new view of epistemology emerges. As for Kuhn, paradigm is his most known notion and his biggest contribution to innovate the history of science. I contrast these two conceptions and conclude that they have different uses, and that some difficulties that emerge from Kuhn＇s concept of paradigm would be dissolved if we take into consideration Witt^enstein＇s aooroaches of language and the uses it has in our life forms.

The Interpretation of the Reference of ＂Now＂ in Written Messages： An Experimental View

The semantics of pure indexicals ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ has been discussed in the area of philosophy of language. According to David Kaplan, in face-to-face communication, ＂I,＂ ＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the context of utterance. In recorded and written messages, however, the identification of pure indexical references is nontrivial, given that there is a gap between the time of utterance and that of interpretation. In the literature, four major views are proposed from a philosophical perspective. While these are theoretically competing, no empirical data or pragmatic analyses have been provided. How is the reference of ＂now＂ in written messages interpreted？ Which views proposed in the literature are supported empirically？ This paper investigates these questions from experimental and pragmatic perspectives.

Three-Dimensional World of Similes in English Fictional Writing

The paper offers a three-dimensional linguosemiotic study of similes, which implies integral analysis of their semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. Such an approach to the study of similes is quite new as they have been hitherto considered either from a literary viewpoint as one of the stylistic expressive means of language or in the philosophy of language in correlation with metaphor. The three-dimensional linguosemiotic methodology of research has enabled us： （1） to reveal the cognitive, psychological, and metaphorical essence of similes and work out the invariant conceptual model which remains unchanged throughout their structural-semantic variation in the text; （2） to single out pragmatic features of similes, the set of which defines their linguistic status as a language-in-use construct, i.e., textual phenomenon; （3） to study the denotational-cognitive aspect of similes pointing out the parameters according to which similes have been differentiated into semantic types and subtypes and （4） to generalize the syntactical aspect of similes and define the set of their structural modifications in the text conditioned both by the intralinguistic regularities and by pragmatic factors. Therefore, we have worked out an interdisciplinary theory of similes implying the synergy of the data of linguistic, literary, cognitive, and psychological studies

The Only Possible Mirror Image of Interpreting by Means of Understanding in Modem Westem Philosophy

Interpreting is one of the studies that is in the phase of its theoretical bottleneck. The difficulty comes from the lack of a possible holistic understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting, not to mention the mirror image of interpreting. Different linguistic studies could do nothing since nowadays their respective studies are mostly suffering their own research bottlenecks. Furthermore, it is impossible for individual linguistic studies to elaborate on the complicated interpreting practice. The only possible mirror is Modem Western Philosophy, which can present the image of interpreting. Such a mirror image is by no means possible without the full-fledged development of language study, and in particular, the uncovering of human understanding, in Modem Western Philosophy.

The Parable of the Three Rings

Which is the true religion？ In the Middle Ages, the parable of the three rings, in all its versions, is a subtle answer to this question, which uses a persuasive allegory. The allegory of the three rings refers to a previous allegory, represented by three gems, one real and two fakes. The religion of the philosophers was born from the hidden meaning of the same allegory： universalism, brotherhood of men as children of the one and only God, the transcendence of a single God that cannot be reduced to any particular representation, and love for one＇s neighbors. The three sons who receive the inheritance of the ring, given by their father, are all loved by him and all three receive a gem that could be the real one. The similarity of the position of the three sons is equivalent to the moral element shared by the three religions： All those who believe in God and his justice put into practice the fundamental teachings of the philosophers. The meaning of the allegory is evident： None of the three sons can claim with certainty the possession of the real ring, but precisely because of this their faith can remain clear, removed from the temptation of pursuing someone because of that person＇s religion.

Embodied Simulation and a Few Remarks on the Philosophy of Language in Italy

The debate on the state of the art of philosophy in Italy shows many differences from the three main currents of contemporary philosophy, namely deconstructionism, critical theory, and analytic philosophy. On one hand, the philosophical stance towards language, and on the other hand, the strong separation between science and philosophy are the distinctive features of the Italian thought. In particular, philosophy of language shows a fragmented framework in which current researches are an example for future studies on language and human nature. The basic idea behind the Philosophy of Language in Italy is that language has a biological and social nature. The aim of this paper is to give an account of the range of ＂bio＂ through a dialogue between philosophy and neuroscience. I will review the Italian research on mirror neurons with particular attention to the developments in embodied simulation proposed by Vittorio Gallese. I will underline the philosophical aspects of this neuroscientific theory, providing some remarks on intersubjectivity, intentions, and language. Finally, I will suggest future joint studies in neuroscience and the philosophy of language.

The impact of thinking differences between English and Chinese on translation

Translation is not only a language activity, but also a thinking activity, which involves the conversion of the two languages, and the language is both a thinking tool and the result of thinking. Language and thought are closely related, and they are both interacting and interdependent. Different thinking determines that the expression of both English and Chinese on the same topic is also different. Through the relationship between language and thought, standing on a higher philosophical point of thinking, we can investigate the effect of the differences between English and Chinese translation. The translator can pay more attention to the difference＇ s impact of translation, which assure a higher accuracy of the translation.

Writing as a Supplement： Jacques Derrida＇s Deconstructive Reading of Rousseau＇s Confessions

The present study constitutes a critical appraisal of the deconstructive reading of Rousseau＇s Confessions that Derrida undertakes in the second part of Of Grammatology. In this examination, the author will first list some of the significations into which Derrida disperses （forced, as he asserts himself, by an ＂inassimilable residue＂ in the text itself） the meaning that he has already construed as apparently simple during the first moment of deconstructive reading （i.e., ＂the doubling commentary＂）; the author will then go on to enquire into the operations which enable Derrida to arrive at these self-conflicting significations. The main aim of this essay is to demonstrate that it is not language alone that disables the philosophy of Rousseau and enables the philosophy of Derrida. When Derrida attempts to support his philosophy through an analysis of Rousseau＇s theory of language and the alleged contradictions in Rousseau＇s texts, he misinterprets basic tenets of these texts in order to make them conform to the presuppositions of the deconstructive approach. The ＂reversal＂ and ＂displacement＂ of metaphysical conceptuality in the text of the Confessions is made possible after the text has had meanings transposed into it from a plurality of other texts. Derrida attributes to the text significations he discovers by construing, explicating and over-reading passages that occur elsewhere in Rousseau＇s total oeuvre （especially in the Essay on the Origin of Languages）.

The One Who Has Left the Bildung Friedrich Nietzsche＇s Philological Turn as a Catastrophe＊

Bildung, a western cultural ideal, which fundamentally can be traced back to biblical connotations, but is also rich in Platonic elements from the history of hermeneutics, reached its culmination point by the 19th century. As the vast superstructure of western erudition, it has acquired the rank of the sole discursive and epistemic normativity, which has defined not only its own system, i.e., education in its narrow sense, but also the criteria of scientific assertions. Since the basis of Bildung was formed by the variations of classical erudition changing by every era, so in the Age of Bildung the defining epistemological and methodological pattern, which determined it from a discursive, and at the same time, an epistemological point of view, was meant by classical philology. As a classical philologist Friedrich Nietzsche was among the first to point out the inseparable connection between rhetoric, interpretation, and epistemology. Nietzsche, as against the monolithic tradition of Bildung, developed a set of aspects of subversive criticism of science, so his surpassing of the nineteenth century academic philology and renewal of it as a kind of cultural hermeneutics walk hand in hand. Nietzschean philology, first and foremost, has to be adapted for revaluing its scientific statements from the aspect of art, i.e., aesthetical sensitivity, which has to be reassessed from viewpoint of effects on life as active potential. The claims of Nietzsche are so comprehensive that the notion of morality defined by Bildung, as well as the ethical system of Bildung, the sole sense of morality is questioned, and his issues are extended over the methodological basis of Bildung considered as normative. However, he does not use such a method of interpretation that, to a certain extent, would not have been known and used by the philology of the Bildung＇s scientific ideal. With the difference that the Nietzschean critical practice does not have respect for the borders defining homologous structures but, by implementing transgressive tactics, it claims the authority of these borders. In my article, I show how the Nietzschean propositions for the methodological reform of classical philology did set the stage for Nietzsche＇s later critical comments, now purely on the philosophy of science, and I analyse the multifold consequences of the concept of the Nietzschean philology as an ＂existential science,＂ which was aimed to de（con）struct the concept of Bildung.

An Article Review： Impact of Explicit Instruction on EFL Learners＇ Implicit and Explicit Knowledge： A Case of English Relative Clauses

This review discusses Nezakat-Alhossaini, Youhanaee, and Moinzadeh＇s research study entitled ＂Impact of Explicit Instruction on EFL Learners＇ Implicit and Explicit Knowledge： A Case of English Relative Clauses.＂ This study was chosen for evaluation because it strives to attach significance to explicit instruction in L2 acquisition, unlike other more recent research, which seeks to reinforce implicit instruction as it is viewed as the idealistic goal of language learning （Rebuschat ＆ William, 2009）. The present review will be developed by means of an evaluation of Alhossaini and her colleagues＇ study, consisting of a concise summary of the study, a classification of the philosophical perspective, the selection of criteria, and the strengths and weaknesses of the study. In this review, I hope that I succeed to broadly navigate the research enterprise, commencing with the philosophical perspective of research, such as the epistemological and ontological stances shaping the philosophical perspective and then colouring the research. By reviewing this study, I would also hope that I successfully evaluate the research quality by using appropriate criteria in an attempt to suggest potential directions for further research （under strengths and weaknesses of the study）.

Two Main Linguistic and Semantic Approach in Islamic Theologoical Tradition

Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches regarding the theological doctrines in the Islamic thought. However the theological reasons are the primary aims in these semantical works, but they include serious philosophical and linguistic content. One of them is the main Islamic strand （orthodox Islam） represented by some astonishing Islamic scholars such as Ici, Guwaini, Sahristani, Ghazali, and Razi. According to this tradition, meaning is an inner state and a state of mind which is specified by the intent of the interlocutor or the author. The utterances have only an instrumentel role in speech. This approach can also be compared to the primary semantic view ranging from Aristotele to P. Grice---with some variations in the Western philosophical tradition. The second thesis is argued by the Mu＇tazili sect who are called Islamic rationalists that objected to Ahl us-Sunnah in their prominent ideas. From Mu＇tazila＇s point of view meaning should only be looked for among linguistic facts. There is no intentional content in the mind before the utterances. Meaning is produced within the structure of language itself and the conventional social context. In other words, meaning is nothing but the usage of the language, These two approaches also mean that there is going to arise different forms of interpretation in the theological perception. The aforementioned approach carries similarities with the approaches of Western thinkers like Wittgenstein and his followers. In this paper, the author deal with these two theological approaches by focusing on their linguistic and semantic views and comparing them with some modem western theories.