To study the distribution of 25 elements, i.e. Be, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er,Eu, Gd, Ge, Ho, La, Lu, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, Y, Yb and Zn in Phytolacca, atraditional Chinese medicinal herb, collected from nin...To study the distribution of 25 elements, i.e. Be, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er,Eu, Gd, Ge, Ho, La, Lu, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, Y, Yb and Zn in Phytolacca, atraditional Chinese medicinal herb, collected from nine areas of P. R. China. Methods Twenty-fiveelements in Phytolacca including essential elements, toxic elements and rare earth elements intraditional Chinese medicinal herbs from different areas were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results The 25elements in Phytolacca were determined by ICP-MS under optimized conditions. The detection limitswere 0.003 -0.71 ng·mL^(-1). The recoveries were 88% - 118% . The relative standard deviations ofthe measurements were 1.7% - 13.3%. Conclusion The determined concentrations of elements inPhytolacca acinosa Roxb vary from one area to another; however, the distribution tendency ofelements in all the samples is similar. The distribution tendency of rare earth elements inPhytolacca acinosa Roxb is consistent with that in nature.展开更多
Liquid distributor is a very import intemal for distillation columns. Pre-distributor is usually set on the top of distributor for initial distribution. Fluid flow in pre-distributor is a complex system of variable ma...Liquid distributor is a very import intemal for distillation columns. Pre-distributor is usually set on the top of distributor for initial distribution. Fluid flow in pre-distributor is a complex system of variable mass flow with many orifices and sub-branches. Consequently, the two phase modeling of pre-distributors was carried out andthe homogeneous model with free surface model was applied. The numerical method was validated by comparing with experimental data. Using the simulated results for different pre-distributors, the impacts of inflow rate, location and orientation uoon the outflow distribution were investigated. Furthermore, influences of the outflow distribution for pre-distributor on liquid uniformity in trough were also analyzed, The conclusions can De aaoptea for me structural design of liquid distributor and pre-distributor of large scale.展开更多
Experiments were carried out to investigate the liquid flow distribution at high gas/liquid ratios in a cold model monolith bed of a 0.048 m diameter with 62 cells per cm2.Three types of distributor for the liquid dis...Experiments were carried out to investigate the liquid flow distribution at high gas/liquid ratios in a cold model monolith bed of a 0.048 m diameter with 62 cells per cm2.Three types of distributor for the liquid distribu-tion were used to evaluate their distribution performance.Local liquid saturation in individual channels was meas-ured using 16 single-point optical fiber probes mounted inside the channels.The results indicate that 1) The optical fiber probe technique can measure phase distribution in the monolith bed;2) Liquid saturation distribution along the radial direction of the monolith bed is not uniform and the extent of non-uniformity depends on the distributor de-sign and phase velocities;and 3) The tube array distributor provides superior liquid distribution performance over the showerhead and nozzle distributors.展开更多
As the ITER (international thermonuclear experiment reactor ) project is being carried out further, original parties ( EU, JA, RF ) of ITER had accomplished their ITER TBM ( test blanket module ) design in 2001....As the ITER (international thermonuclear experiment reactor ) project is being carried out further, original parties ( EU, JA, RF ) of ITER had accomplished their ITER TBM ( test blanket module ) design in 2001. China joined the negotiation of 1TER project and planed to develop own TBM modules in 2003. A preliminary design description document ( DDD ) for the CH HCSB ( chinese helium-cooled solid breeder ) TBM module design had been completed at SWIP in 2004. A modified structure design based on the 2004 version had been carried out subsequently. Main modification of structure design is that the sub-module design is adopted instead of the previous integrative module design. The modified design enforces the reliability and the flexibility of TBM module structure. The integral TBM module consists of 9 sub-modules. The thermo-hydraulic analysis for sub-module is very important, because the sub-module as a relative independent module has the most basic function of the test blanket module, such as depositing heat, producing tritium, etc.展开更多
Denim is about as American as apple pie.Yet,it's seen its share of competition here from athleisure apparel.Is it still beloved?Of course.But do other markets like China and Mexico present strong opportunities for d...Denim is about as American as apple pie.Yet,it's seen its share of competition here from athleisure apparel.Is it still beloved?Of course.But do other markets like China and Mexico present strong opportunities for denim makers?Definitely.Overall,WGSN's Dio Kurazawa,director of denim,says the industry is doing well."展开更多
Using data from the Economic Advisory Center of the State Information Center(SIC), we examined the spatial patterns of car sales in China at the prefectural level in 2012. We first analyzed the spatial distributions o...Using data from the Economic Advisory Center of the State Information Center(SIC), we examined the spatial patterns of car sales in China at the prefectural level in 2012. We first analyzed the spatial distributions of car sales of different kinds of automakers(foreign automakers, Sino-foreign joint automakers, and Chinese automakers), and then identified spatial clusters using the local Moran's indexes. Location quotient analysis was applied to examine the relative advantage of each type of automaker in the local markets. To explain the variations of car sales across cities, we collected several socioeconomic variables and conducted regression analyses. Further, factor analysis was used to extract independent variables to avoid the problem of multicollinearity. By incorporating a spatial lag or spatial error in the models, we calibrated our spatial regression models to address the spatial dependence problem. The analytical results show that car sales varied significantly across cities in China, and most of the cities with higher car sales were the developed cities. Different automakers exhibit diverse spatial patterns in terms of car sales volume, spatial clusters, and location quotients. The scale and incomes factor were extracted and verified as the two most significant and positive factors that shape the spatial distributions of car sales, and together with the spatial effect, explained most of the variations of car sales across cities.展开更多
The helicity amplitudes for the processes of e^+e^- →J/ψ→γηc→γYY(Y: hyperon) are presented, together with the joint angular distributions for ηc decays into ∧∧,∑^0 ∑^0, and [1]-[1]+. The sensitivities...The helicity amplitudes for the processes of e^+e^- →J/ψ→γηc→γYY(Y: hyperon) are presented, together with the joint angular distributions for ηc decays into ∧∧,∑^0 ∑^0, and [1]-[1]+. The sensitivities to measure the hyperon decay parameters in these decays are evaluated based on the helicity amplitudes. The prospects to test the Bell inequality in experiment using the decay of ηc→∧∧ are discussed.展开更多
Based on the Husimi operator in pure state form introduced by Fan et al,which is a squeezed coherentstate projector,and the technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators,as well as the entangl...Based on the Husimi operator in pure state form introduced by Fan et al,which is a squeezed coherentstate projector,and the technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators,as well as the entangledstate representations,we obtain the Husimi functions of the excited squeezed vacuum states (ESVS) and two marginaldistributions of the Husimi functions of the ESVS.展开更多
Heavy-medium cyclones are widely used to upgrade run-of-mine coal.But the understanding of flow in a cyclone containing a dense medium is still incomplete.By introducing turbulent diffusion into calculations of centri...Heavy-medium cyclones are widely used to upgrade run-of-mine coal.But the understanding of flow in a cyclone containing a dense medium is still incomplete.By introducing turbulent diffusion into calculations of centrifugal settling a theoretical distribution function giving the density field can be deduced.Qualitative analysis of the density field in every part of a cylindrical cyclone suggests an optimum design that has exhibited good separation effectiveness and anti-wear performance when in commercial operation.展开更多
After the great east Japan earthquake in 2011, Japanese energy system has been expected to prioritize safety and trustworthiness. Now, distributed power systems are considered as one solution, but utilizing exhaust he...After the great east Japan earthquake in 2011, Japanese energy system has been expected to prioritize safety and trustworthiness. Now, distributed power systems are considered as one solution, but utilizing exhaust heat is an important task to be solved. The purpose of this study is to build a simulation model to harness waste heat of commercial buildings. We obtained two types of data: distributed power system in 1/15 scale model of supermarket, restaurant and real world energy consumption of the two buildings. Results showed cold cabinets, whose electricity was affected by temperatures outside and inside, consumed most in supermarket. While air conditioning, affected by air enthalpy of outside and inside, consumed most in restaurant. According to our simulation with gas engine, PV (photovoltaic) panel, PCM (phase change material), thermal storage, FCU (fan coil unit) and refrigerated cabinets in scale model, we could reduce 27% of CO_2 emission and 25% of running cost by selecting optimal size.展开更多
The development of tourism depends on the development of physical stores and the level of economic development of tourism, distribution, and analysis of the main research shop this virtual store. In this study, based ...The development of tourism depends on the development of physical stores and the level of economic development of tourism, distribution, and analysis of the main research shop this virtual store. In this study, based on China's largest e-commerce website --- Taobao C2C data to the country's 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (excluding Hung Kong, Macao and Taiwan) for the study, and regression analysis using ArcGIS software tools, from the provincial tourism C2C e-commerce Factors affecting the development of conduct Regression analysis, and An Empirical Study of the geographical distribution of the electrons. The results showed that the development of China's tourism e-commerce C2C level and the level of tourism development and local economic development are very relevant. The degree of economic development and the level of development of tourism and travel Taobao C2C e number of shops are highly correlated.展开更多
Two-phase flow distributions in the merged pipe distributor have still remained mal-uniformity problem and the causes have not clearly discovered yet. Therefore, the enhancement study is needed, absolutely. The experi...Two-phase flow distributions in the merged pipe distributor have still remained mal-uniformity problem and the causes have not clearly discovered yet. Therefore, the enhancement study is needed, absolutely. The experimental was carried out upon the distributor constructed by acrylics resembling merged triple pipe, 8 mm in diameter of inlet channel and two set 5 mm in diameter of each outlet channel, set horizontally sideways. Three flow patterns were fed, i.e., bubble, slug and stratified flow, observed via high speed video camera. The pressure distribution was measured by series of U-tube water gauge manometer. The flow patterns, phase distribution and pressure drop were analyzed by CFD software, validated by experimental data and compared by existing correlation, analytically. The experiment is extended by modeling, in order to vary three inclinations of distributor: horizontally, 45° and vertically up-ward as well as to vary three outlet channel lengths with length ratio lc/dc: 3.2, 10 and 70. It was revealed that the two-phase flow distribution tends to be mal-uniform and to transform to different flow pattern in outlet channels. These are promoted by different: outlet channel length, feeding two-phase flow pattern in inlet distributor and inclination angle. The changing of flow pattern is driven by fluctuating velocity in both upper and lower outlet channel.展开更多
Within the context of the Littlest Higgs model with T-parity, the heavy photon (AH) is supposed to be an ideM dark matter (DM) candidate. One direct proof of validity of the model is to produce the heavy photon at...Within the context of the Littlest Higgs model with T-parity, the heavy photon (AH) is supposed to be an ideM dark matter (DM) candidate. One direct proof of validity of the model is to produce the heavy photon at collider. In this paper, we investigate the associated production of a photon with heavy photon pair at the planned international e+ e- linear collider (ILC), i.e., e+e- → AHAHγ and show the distributions of the transverse momenta of the photon. The numerical results indicate that the heavy photon production rate could reach severaL fb at the low mass parameter space and the characteristic signal is a single high energetic photon and missing energy, carried by the heavy photons. All in a/l, it can be a good chance to observe the heavy photon via this process with the high yearly luminosity of the ILC.展开更多
In this paper, the multivariate Bernstein polynomials defined on a simplex are viewed as sampling operators, and a generalization by allowing the sampling operators to take place at scattered sites is studied. Both st...In this paper, the multivariate Bernstein polynomials defined on a simplex are viewed as sampling operators, and a generalization by allowing the sampling operators to take place at scattered sites is studied. Both stochastic and deterministic aspects are applied in the study. On the stochastic aspect, a Chebyshev type estimate for the sampling operators is established. On the deterministic aspect, combining the theory of uniform distribution and the discrepancy method, the rate of approximating continuous fimction and Lp convergence for these operators are studied, respectively.展开更多
Manufacturers’channel competition with service is examined in this paper.Specifically,the authors consider channel competition within a supply chain comprising two manufacturers and one single retailer where each man...Manufacturers’channel competition with service is examined in this paper.Specifically,the authors consider channel competition within a supply chain comprising two manufacturers and one single retailer where each manufacturer can choose to sell its products either directly to the end market(online channel,say)or through the potential retail channel,based on the profit maximization criterion,which is influenced by exogenous market conditions,such as the degree of competition,etc.Furthermore,the retailer provides additional demand-enhancing service to promote the manufacturer’s products distributed via it.If only one of the manufacturers sells products through the retailer,its products will be promoted by the additional retail service,which poaches demand of products of the manufacturer who adopts direct online channel.Products of both manufacturers are supported by the retailer’s promotional service when both distribute their product through the common retailer.Finally,some managerial implications are derived from numerical analyses of our model,which explain the phenomena in practice and conclude the paper.展开更多
The cycle length distribution of a graph G of order n is a sequence (c1 (G),…, cn (G)), where ci (G) is the number of cycles of length i in G. In general, the graphs with cycle length distribution (c1(G) ,...The cycle length distribution of a graph G of order n is a sequence (c1 (G),…, cn (G)), where ci (G) is the number of cycles of length i in G. In general, the graphs with cycle length distribution (c1(G) ,…,cn(G)) are not unique. A graph G is determined by its cycle length distribution if the graph with cycle length distribution (c1 (G),…, cn (G)) is unique. Let Kn,n+r be a complete bipartite graph and A lohtaib in E(Kn,n+r). In this paper, we obtain: Let s 〉 1 be an integer. (1) If r = 2s, n 〉 s(s - 1) + 2|A|, then Kn,n+r - A (A lohtain in E(Kn,n+r),|A| ≤ 3) is determined by its cycle length distribution; (2) If r = 2s + 1,n 〉 s^2 + 2|A|, Kn,n+r - A (A lohtain in E(Kn,n+r), |A| ≤3) is determined by its cycle length distribution.展开更多
文摘To study the distribution of 25 elements, i.e. Be, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er,Eu, Gd, Ge, Ho, La, Lu, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, Y, Yb and Zn in Phytolacca, atraditional Chinese medicinal herb, collected from nine areas of P. R. China. Methods Twenty-fiveelements in Phytolacca including essential elements, toxic elements and rare earth elements intraditional Chinese medicinal herbs from different areas were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results The 25elements in Phytolacca were determined by ICP-MS under optimized conditions. The detection limitswere 0.003 -0.71 ng·mL^(-1). The recoveries were 88% - 118% . The relative standard deviations ofthe measurements were 1.7% - 13.3%. Conclusion The determined concentrations of elements inPhytolacca acinosa Roxb vary from one area to another; however, the distribution tendency ofelements in all the samples is similar. The distribution tendency of rare earth elements inPhytolacca acinosa Roxb is consistent with that in nature.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (2009CB219905, 2009CB219907)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Teams in Universities (IRT0936)
文摘Liquid distributor is a very import intemal for distillation columns. Pre-distributor is usually set on the top of distributor for initial distribution. Fluid flow in pre-distributor is a complex system of variable mass flow with many orifices and sub-branches. Consequently, the two phase modeling of pre-distributors was carried out andthe homogeneous model with free surface model was applied. The numerical method was validated by comparing with experimental data. Using the simulated results for different pre-distributors, the impacts of inflow rate, location and orientation uoon the outflow distribution were investigated. Furthermore, influences of the outflow distribution for pre-distributor on liquid uniformity in trough were also analyzed, The conclusions can De aaoptea for me structural design of liquid distributor and pre-distributor of large scale.
基金Supported by the State-funded Postgraduates’ Overseas Study Program of China Scholarship Council (CSC)
文摘Experiments were carried out to investigate the liquid flow distribution at high gas/liquid ratios in a cold model monolith bed of a 0.048 m diameter with 62 cells per cm2.Three types of distributor for the liquid distribu-tion were used to evaluate their distribution performance.Local liquid saturation in individual channels was meas-ured using 16 single-point optical fiber probes mounted inside the channels.The results indicate that 1) The optical fiber probe technique can measure phase distribution in the monolith bed;2) Liquid saturation distribution along the radial direction of the monolith bed is not uniform and the extent of non-uniformity depends on the distributor de-sign and phase velocities;and 3) The tube array distributor provides superior liquid distribution performance over the showerhead and nozzle distributors.
文摘As the ITER (international thermonuclear experiment reactor ) project is being carried out further, original parties ( EU, JA, RF ) of ITER had accomplished their ITER TBM ( test blanket module ) design in 2001. China joined the negotiation of 1TER project and planed to develop own TBM modules in 2003. A preliminary design description document ( DDD ) for the CH HCSB ( chinese helium-cooled solid breeder ) TBM module design had been completed at SWIP in 2004. A modified structure design based on the 2004 version had been carried out subsequently. Main modification of structure design is that the sub-module design is adopted instead of the previous integrative module design. The modified design enforces the reliability and the flexibility of TBM module structure. The integral TBM module consists of 9 sub-modules. The thermo-hydraulic analysis for sub-module is very important, because the sub-module as a relative independent module has the most basic function of the test blanket module, such as depositing heat, producing tritium, etc.
文摘Denim is about as American as apple pie.Yet,it's seen its share of competition here from athleisure apparel.Is it still beloved?Of course.But do other markets like China and Mexico present strong opportunities for denim makers?Definitely.Overall,WGSN's Dio Kurazawa,director of denim,says the industry is doing well."
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41301143)
文摘Using data from the Economic Advisory Center of the State Information Center(SIC), we examined the spatial patterns of car sales in China at the prefectural level in 2012. We first analyzed the spatial distributions of car sales of different kinds of automakers(foreign automakers, Sino-foreign joint automakers, and Chinese automakers), and then identified spatial clusters using the local Moran's indexes. Location quotient analysis was applied to examine the relative advantage of each type of automaker in the local markets. To explain the variations of car sales across cities, we collected several socioeconomic variables and conducted regression analyses. Further, factor analysis was used to extract independent variables to avoid the problem of multicollinearity. By incorporating a spatial lag or spatial error in the models, we calibrated our spatial regression models to address the spatial dependence problem. The analytical results show that car sales varied significantly across cities in China, and most of the cities with higher car sales were the developed cities. Different automakers exhibit diverse spatial patterns in terms of car sales volume, spatial clusters, and location quotients. The scale and incomes factor were extracted and verified as the two most significant and positive factors that shape the spatial distributions of car sales, and together with the spatial effect, explained most of the variations of car sales across cities.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaYouth Innovation Project of IHEPthe Innovation Projcct of Guangxi Graduate Eduction under Grant No. 2007106020702M54
文摘The helicity amplitudes for the processes of e^+e^- →J/ψ→γηc→γYY(Y: hyperon) are presented, together with the joint angular distributions for ηc decays into ∧∧,∑^0 ∑^0, and [1]-[1]+. The sensitivities to measure the hyperon decay parameters in these decays are evaluated based on the helicity amplitudes. The prospects to test the Bell inequality in experiment using the decay of ηc→∧∧ are discussed.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10574060Shandong Province of China under Grant No.Y2008A23Liaocheng University of China under Grant No.X071049
文摘Based on the Husimi operator in pure state form introduced by Fan et al,which is a squeezed coherentstate projector,and the technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators,as well as the entangledstate representations,we obtain the Husimi functions of the excited squeezed vacuum states (ESVS) and two marginaldistributions of the Husimi functions of the ESVS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50921002)
文摘Heavy-medium cyclones are widely used to upgrade run-of-mine coal.But the understanding of flow in a cyclone containing a dense medium is still incomplete.By introducing turbulent diffusion into calculations of centrifugal settling a theoretical distribution function giving the density field can be deduced.Qualitative analysis of the density field in every part of a cylindrical cyclone suggests an optimum design that has exhibited good separation effectiveness and anti-wear performance when in commercial operation.
文摘After the great east Japan earthquake in 2011, Japanese energy system has been expected to prioritize safety and trustworthiness. Now, distributed power systems are considered as one solution, but utilizing exhaust heat is an important task to be solved. The purpose of this study is to build a simulation model to harness waste heat of commercial buildings. We obtained two types of data: distributed power system in 1/15 scale model of supermarket, restaurant and real world energy consumption of the two buildings. Results showed cold cabinets, whose electricity was affected by temperatures outside and inside, consumed most in supermarket. While air conditioning, affected by air enthalpy of outside and inside, consumed most in restaurant. According to our simulation with gas engine, PV (photovoltaic) panel, PCM (phase change material), thermal storage, FCU (fan coil unit) and refrigerated cabinets in scale model, we could reduce 27% of CO_2 emission and 25% of running cost by selecting optimal size.
文摘The development of tourism depends on the development of physical stores and the level of economic development of tourism, distribution, and analysis of the main research shop this virtual store. In this study, based on China's largest e-commerce website --- Taobao C2C data to the country's 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (excluding Hung Kong, Macao and Taiwan) for the study, and regression analysis using ArcGIS software tools, from the provincial tourism C2C e-commerce Factors affecting the development of conduct Regression analysis, and An Empirical Study of the geographical distribution of the electrons. The results showed that the development of China's tourism e-commerce C2C level and the level of tourism development and local economic development are very relevant. The degree of economic development and the level of development of tourism and travel Taobao C2C e number of shops are highly correlated.
文摘Two-phase flow distributions in the merged pipe distributor have still remained mal-uniformity problem and the causes have not clearly discovered yet. Therefore, the enhancement study is needed, absolutely. The experimental was carried out upon the distributor constructed by acrylics resembling merged triple pipe, 8 mm in diameter of inlet channel and two set 5 mm in diameter of each outlet channel, set horizontally sideways. Three flow patterns were fed, i.e., bubble, slug and stratified flow, observed via high speed video camera. The pressure distribution was measured by series of U-tube water gauge manometer. The flow patterns, phase distribution and pressure drop were analyzed by CFD software, validated by experimental data and compared by existing correlation, analytically. The experiment is extended by modeling, in order to vary three inclinations of distributor: horizontally, 45° and vertically up-ward as well as to vary three outlet channel lengths with length ratio lc/dc: 3.2, 10 and 70. It was revealed that the two-phase flow distribution tends to be mal-uniform and to transform to different flow pattern in outlet channels. These are promoted by different: outlet channel length, feeding two-phase flow pattern in inlet distributor and inclination angle. The changing of flow pattern is driven by fluctuating velocity in both upper and lower outlet channel.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11075045the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Henan Province under Grant No.2011A140005
文摘Within the context of the Littlest Higgs model with T-parity, the heavy photon (AH) is supposed to be an ideM dark matter (DM) candidate. One direct proof of validity of the model is to produce the heavy photon at collider. In this paper, we investigate the associated production of a photon with heavy photon pair at the planned international e+ e- linear collider (ILC), i.e., e+e- → AHAHγ and show the distributions of the transverse momenta of the photon. The numerical results indicate that the heavy photon production rate could reach severaL fb at the low mass parameter space and the characteristic signal is a single high energetic photon and missing energy, carried by the heavy photons. All in a/l, it can be a good chance to observe the heavy photon via this process with the high yearly luminosity of the ILC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61272023,61101240)the Innovation Foundation of Post-Graduates of Zhejiang Province(No.YK2011070)
文摘In this paper, the multivariate Bernstein polynomials defined on a simplex are viewed as sampling operators, and a generalization by allowing the sampling operators to take place at scattered sites is studied. Both stochastic and deterministic aspects are applied in the study. On the stochastic aspect, a Chebyshev type estimate for the sampling operators is established. On the deterministic aspect, combining the theory of uniform distribution and the discrepancy method, the rate of approximating continuous fimction and Lp convergence for these operators are studied, respectively.
基金partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.71090401/71090400
文摘Manufacturers’channel competition with service is examined in this paper.Specifically,the authors consider channel competition within a supply chain comprising two manufacturers and one single retailer where each manufacturer can choose to sell its products either directly to the end market(online channel,say)or through the potential retail channel,based on the profit maximization criterion,which is influenced by exogenous market conditions,such as the degree of competition,etc.Furthermore,the retailer provides additional demand-enhancing service to promote the manufacturer’s products distributed via it.If only one of the manufacturers sells products through the retailer,its products will be promoted by the additional retail service,which poaches demand of products of the manufacturer who adopts direct online channel.Products of both manufacturers are supported by the retailer’s promotional service when both distribute their product through the common retailer.Finally,some managerial implications are derived from numerical analyses of our model,which explain the phenomena in practice and conclude the paper.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.1070106810671191)
文摘The cycle length distribution of a graph G of order n is a sequence (c1 (G),…, cn (G)), where ci (G) is the number of cycles of length i in G. In general, the graphs with cycle length distribution (c1(G) ,…,cn(G)) are not unique. A graph G is determined by its cycle length distribution if the graph with cycle length distribution (c1 (G),…, cn (G)) is unique. Let Kn,n+r be a complete bipartite graph and A lohtaib in E(Kn,n+r). In this paper, we obtain: Let s 〉 1 be an integer. (1) If r = 2s, n 〉 s(s - 1) + 2|A|, then Kn,n+r - A (A lohtain in E(Kn,n+r),|A| ≤ 3) is determined by its cycle length distribution; (2) If r = 2s + 1,n 〉 s^2 + 2|A|, Kn,n+r - A (A lohtain in E(Kn,n+r), |A| ≤3) is determined by its cycle length distribution.