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财竭商罄:晚明北京的“公私困惫”问题——以《宛署杂记》资料为中心的考察 被引量:7
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作者 高寿仙 《北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版)》 2010年第4期22-34,共13页
宛平知县沈榜撰写的《宛署杂记》,保留了万历前期该县大量的经济数据。通过对财政收入和支出数据的梳理,可以看出,当时该县已陷于入不敷出的财政窘境,主要原因是朝廷免除了下等铺户纳银,提高了契税的起征点并降低了税率,而该县承担的经... 宛平知县沈榜撰写的《宛署杂记》,保留了万历前期该县大量的经济数据。通过对财政收入和支出数据的梳理,可以看出,当时该县已陷于入不敷出的财政窘境,主要原因是朝廷免除了下等铺户纳银,提高了契税的起征点并降低了税率,而该县承担的经费不但未能相应减免,反而逐渐增加。在赋役改革方面,该县取得明显进展,绝大多数项目都实现了纳银化或以银计算,夏税、秋粮内各项已合并征收,部分徭役摊入地亩。但也应看到,赋役改革远未最终完成,起运的地点和数量仍然极其琐碎分散,力役在徭役结构中仍然点据着主导地位。随着各地粮草物料的纳银化,北京的"商役"日益沉重,造成了经济凋敝和民生艰困。 展开更多
关键词 晚明 北京宛平县 结构 财政赤字 商役 《宛署杂记》
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市场交易的徭役化:明代北京的“铺户买办”与“召商买办” 被引量:14
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作者 高寿仙 《史学月刊》 CSSCI 北大核心 2011年第3期38-54,共17页
明代北京城市居民承担的"买办"之役有两种,即"铺户买办"和"召商买办",都是由市场交易转化来的。铺户买办始于永乐年间,其后买办的项目和数量不断增加,逐渐形成了一套清查编行制度。自嘉靖年间开始,随着... 明代北京城市居民承担的"买办"之役有两种,即"铺户买办"和"召商买办",都是由市场交易转化来的。铺户买办始于永乐年间,其后买办的项目和数量不断增加,逐渐形成了一套清查编行制度。自嘉靖年间开始,随着物料折银的普遍化,内府及各衙门所需物料大多在北京"召商买办"。但"召商"很快就变成"佥商",成为强迫性的"商役"。为了减轻铺户的困苦,嘉靖末年将铺户买办改为纳银代役,万历年间又免除了下层铺户的纳银。但时过未久,复令铺户当行买办,反而加重了铺户的经济负担。相较于实物贡赋而言,"买办"本是顺应市场经济发展的进步方式,但在"权力经济"的制约下,竟然演变成固定化的徭役,给北京城市居民带来深重的灾难。 展开更多
关键词 明代 北京 铺户买办 买办 商役
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Systematic Approach to Training for Design of Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning Training in South Korea
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作者 JeongKeunKwak 《Journal of Physical Science and Application》 2016年第5期14-20,共7页
In 1979, unavailability of MFWS (Main Feedwater System) in TMI (Three Mile Island) Unit-2 happened in the United States. To make it worse, due to malfunction of Isolation Control Valves in AFWS (Auxiliary Feedwat... In 1979, unavailability of MFWS (Main Feedwater System) in TMI (Three Mile Island) Unit-2 happened in the United States. To make it worse, due to malfunction of Isolation Control Valves in AFWS (Auxiliary Feedwater System), the supply of cooling water to SGs (Steam Generators) was delayed approximately 8 minutes compared to AOP (Abnormal Operating Procedure). In the long run, on account of deferred heat sink provision to SGs, the reactor core was melted partially. It was the first critical accident in the US commercial NPP (Nuclear Power Plant) history. Hence, after TMI Accident, US NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Committee) suggested more than one hundred alternatives to improve safety and reliability of NPP. Among these countermeasures, one proposal was related to training area. It was SAT (Systematic Approach to Training) methodology. Therefore, the goal of SAT is the enhancement of NPP stability through training point of view. Since the appearance of SAT in the nuclear industry, it has acquired the unwavering position in the US NPP training field. Meanwhile, significance of NPP decommissioning has been soared up in South Korea since the announcement of Kori Unit-1 decommissioning decision. According to the proclaimed plan from Korean government, Kori Unit-1 is scheduled to be decommissioned from June, 2017. Under this circumstance, nurturing sufficient number of NPP decommissioning engineers is one of the most urgent issues in South Korean nuclear industry. Hence, to elevate efficiency and consistency of training quality, SAT methodology can be a reliable solution for the training of decommissioning engineers. For this reason, the present study aims to design SAT based NPP decommissioning engineer training in South Korea. 展开更多
关键词 Systematic Approach to Training nuclear power plant DECOMMISSIONING US nuclear regulatory committee Three Mile Island Unit-2.
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