The purpose of this study is to understand limitations and possibilities of organizing independent contractors by focusing on insurance solicitors in South Korea. Among various types of precarious employment, insuranc...The purpose of this study is to understand limitations and possibilities of organizing independent contractors by focusing on insurance solicitors in South Korea. Among various types of precarious employment, insurance solicitors are an exemplar case of independent contractor jobs in Korea. According to the narrow interpretation on the employment relationship by the courts, the labor standard law does not treat insurance solicitors as workers. And, most of insurance solicitors are not affiliated with labor unions. As a result, insurance solicitors are outside labor protections. Under this context, insurance solicitors attempted to organize their own union--Korean Insurance Agents＇ Union （KIAU） in the early 2000s, and turned it into a branch of Korean Finance and Service Workers＇ Union （KFSWU） in 2004. However, the KIAU lost its membership rapidly since the mid-2000s and has failed to revitalize itself until now. So, in this study, the author focuses on the changes in the employment structure behind the growth of the insurance industry in the private sector and the reason why union organizing of independent contractors was not successful.展开更多
In Malaysia, the Islamic commercial institutions were established under respective legislations which contain express term on their status as a body corporate. Examples of these institutions are Islamic banks, zakah i...In Malaysia, the Islamic commercial institutions were established under respective legislations which contain express term on their status as a body corporate. Examples of these institutions are Islamic banks, zakah institutions, Pilgrimage Board and Islamic insurance （takaful） companies. In 1998, Johor Corporation （JCorp） initiated a corporate waqf entity known as Waqaf An-Nur Corporation Berhad （WANCorp）. In 2011, Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan （MAIWP） collaborated with Tabung Haji to develop a Class AWaqf building leased to Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad （BIMB）. The developments in waqf involving corporate entities are worth to be analyzed in order to create a new framework of waqf practice. This paper deliberated the attributes of corporations under the Malaysian law and compares them with the principles of Islamic law （Shari＇ah）. For the purpose of discussion, this paper refers to WANCorp and Awqaf Holdings as examples ofwaqf corporations in Malaysia.展开更多
The quality of methods for determining energy transits on the tie lines （lines that connect two neighboring power system） can have significant impact on business activity of the TSOs （transmission system operators...The quality of methods for determining energy transits on the tie lines （lines that connect two neighboring power system） can have significant impact on business activity of the TSOs （transmission system operators）. Existing law regulation is not enough precise regarding definition of methods for metering energy transits （energy interchanged between neighboring TSOs）. This paper analyses disadvantages of method for line losses metering with electric meters and suggests introduction of the measured value corrections.展开更多
The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations ...The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations of margin makes legal risks. Therefore, the prevention and control measures should be taken for the open and accounting of margin account, drawdown of margin, maintenance of account information, and freezing and deduction of margin of competent organs.展开更多
In the context of the information age, with the causes of the financial deregulation of the bank in the financial industry competition intensifies, the communication of science and technology advancement, there are in...In the context of the information age, with the causes of the financial deregulation of the bank in the financial industry competition intensifies, the communication of science and technology advancement, there are innovative financial instruments to achieve orgasm. With that, comes the increased risk of commercial banks. China＇ s banking innovation started late, but rapidly develops. More seriously, in the development of the innovation process, there is not enough emphasis on the legal risk, which causes great risks.展开更多
The algorithm for constructing conservation laws of Euler Lagvange type equations via Noether-type symmetry operators associated with partial Lagrangian has been presented. As applications, many new conservation laws ...The algorithm for constructing conservation laws of Euler Lagvange type equations via Noether-type symmetry operators associated with partial Lagrangian has been presented. As applications, many new conservation laws of some important systems of nonlinear partial differential equations have been obtained.展开更多
Hungary＇s accession to the European Union in 2004 marked the start of a new era. The completion of legal harmonization brought in new emission standards and thresholds, and this was followed by EU-assisted projects t...Hungary＇s accession to the European Union in 2004 marked the start of a new era. The completion of legal harmonization brought in new emission standards and thresholds, and this was followed by EU-assisted projects to build and reconstruct wastewater treatment plants. The utilization of sludge after it leaves the wastewater treatment plant is now a solely private-sector operation. There are new political priorities： increasing state involvement, buying out of major--formerly privatized--service providers, reintegration of isolated service providers, legally-imposed reduction of public utility charges. As a result, a demand has arisen for a greater central, i.e. government role in sludge utilization.展开更多
incidents of extreme hyperbole and fraud in celebrity advertisements have occurred repeatedly because advertising participants are driven by commercial interests and it is also relevant to the deep social and cultural...incidents of extreme hyperbole and fraud in celebrity advertisements have occurred repeatedly because advertising participants are driven by commercial interests and it is also relevant to the deep social and cultural background. Therefore, great and prolonged efforts should be made to govern celebrity advertising in a multi-pronged way： strengthening legal supervision on the basis of clearly defined false advertising; establishing early warning and punishing systems including pre-qualification system, filing system and banning system; promoting public interest litigation system; increasing consumers＇ media literacy.展开更多
Tax procedures are factors that strongly affect the business environment. A simple and convenient tax procedures system will contribute to a good business environment by easing of tax returns preparation, reducing tax...Tax procedures are factors that strongly affect the business environment. A simple and convenient tax procedures system will contribute to a good business environment by easing of tax returns preparation, reducing tax compliance costs, and preventing corruption. This paper examines the results and impacts of previous tax procedures reform on Vietnam＇s business environment, identifies challenges of tax procedures reform now and the coming years, and discusses areas where further reforms are needed to sustain tax revenue and reduce compliance costs including： （1） wansparent and comprehensive guidance to all tax laws and other legal tax documents; （2） widening the application of risk management in tax administration; （3） continuing simplification of tax procedures; and （4） development of IT in tax administration.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this study is to understand limitations and possibilities of organizing independent contractors by focusing on insurance solicitors in South Korea. Among various types of precarious employment, insurance solicitors are an exemplar case of independent contractor jobs in Korea. According to the narrow interpretation on the employment relationship by the courts, the labor standard law does not treat insurance solicitors as workers. And, most of insurance solicitors are not affiliated with labor unions. As a result, insurance solicitors are outside labor protections. Under this context, insurance solicitors attempted to organize their own union--Korean Insurance Agents＇ Union （KIAU） in the early 2000s, and turned it into a branch of Korean Finance and Service Workers＇ Union （KFSWU） in 2004. However, the KIAU lost its membership rapidly since the mid-2000s and has failed to revitalize itself until now. So, in this study, the author focuses on the changes in the employment structure behind the growth of the insurance industry in the private sector and the reason why union organizing of independent contractors was not successful.
文摘In Malaysia, the Islamic commercial institutions were established under respective legislations which contain express term on their status as a body corporate. Examples of these institutions are Islamic banks, zakah institutions, Pilgrimage Board and Islamic insurance （takaful） companies. In 1998, Johor Corporation （JCorp） initiated a corporate waqf entity known as Waqaf An-Nur Corporation Berhad （WANCorp）. In 2011, Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan （MAIWP） collaborated with Tabung Haji to develop a Class AWaqf building leased to Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad （BIMB）. The developments in waqf involving corporate entities are worth to be analyzed in order to create a new framework of waqf practice. This paper deliberated the attributes of corporations under the Malaysian law and compares them with the principles of Islamic law （Shari＇ah）. For the purpose of discussion, this paper refers to WANCorp and Awqaf Holdings as examples ofwaqf corporations in Malaysia.
文摘The quality of methods for determining energy transits on the tie lines （lines that connect two neighboring power system） can have significant impact on business activity of the TSOs （transmission system operators）. Existing law regulation is not enough precise regarding definition of methods for metering energy transits （energy interchanged between neighboring TSOs）. This paper analyses disadvantages of method for line losses metering with electric meters and suggests introduction of the measured value corrections.
文摘The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations of margin makes legal risks. Therefore, the prevention and control measures should be taken for the open and accounting of margin account, drawdown of margin, maintenance of account information, and freezing and deduction of margin of competent organs.
文摘In the context of the information age, with the causes of the financial deregulation of the bank in the financial industry competition intensifies, the communication of science and technology advancement, there are innovative financial instruments to achieve orgasm. With that, comes the increased risk of commercial banks. China＇ s banking innovation started late, but rapidly develops. More seriously, in the development of the innovation process, there is not enough emphasis on the legal risk, which causes great risks.
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research Program of China under Grant No.2004CB318000
文摘The algorithm for constructing conservation laws of Euler Lagvange type equations via Noether-type symmetry operators associated with partial Lagrangian has been presented. As applications, many new conservation laws of some important systems of nonlinear partial differential equations have been obtained.
文摘Hungary＇s accession to the European Union in 2004 marked the start of a new era. The completion of legal harmonization brought in new emission standards and thresholds, and this was followed by EU-assisted projects to build and reconstruct wastewater treatment plants. The utilization of sludge after it leaves the wastewater treatment plant is now a solely private-sector operation. There are new political priorities： increasing state involvement, buying out of major--formerly privatized--service providers, reintegration of isolated service providers, legally-imposed reduction of public utility charges. As a result, a demand has arisen for a greater central, i.e. government role in sludge utilization.
文摘incidents of extreme hyperbole and fraud in celebrity advertisements have occurred repeatedly because advertising participants are driven by commercial interests and it is also relevant to the deep social and cultural background. Therefore, great and prolonged efforts should be made to govern celebrity advertising in a multi-pronged way： strengthening legal supervision on the basis of clearly defined false advertising; establishing early warning and punishing systems including pre-qualification system, filing system and banning system; promoting public interest litigation system; increasing consumers＇ media literacy.
文摘Tax procedures are factors that strongly affect the business environment. A simple and convenient tax procedures system will contribute to a good business environment by easing of tax returns preparation, reducing tax compliance costs, and preventing corruption. This paper examines the results and impacts of previous tax procedures reform on Vietnam＇s business environment, identifies challenges of tax procedures reform now and the coming years, and discusses areas where further reforms are needed to sustain tax revenue and reduce compliance costs including： （1） wansparent and comprehensive guidance to all tax laws and other legal tax documents; （2） widening the application of risk management in tax administration; （3） continuing simplification of tax procedures; and （4） development of IT in tax administration.
