Recently, Open Source Software （OSS） is so widely used not only by companies for development but also by common users instead of commercial software. However, the number of OSS is vast, and its quality varies from l...Recently, Open Source Software （OSS） is so widely used not only by companies for development but also by common users instead of commercial software. However, the number of OSS is vast, and its quality varies from low to high. So how people can evaluate OSS and ensta-e that it is reliable for use becomes necessary. This paper proposes a set of reliability evaluation metrics considering the states of OSS selected in the early stage. Understandability, Fault tolerance ＆ Recoverability and Community Matmrity as sub-attributes of reliability are defined, and then several evaluation criteria for each of them are identified. A process of reliability evaluation in our study is proposed. For application, we select four OSS projects and evaluate them with our metrics. As a result of compadrison with other evaluation model for OSS, our research presents an easy, effective and trustworthy way for selecting a reliable OSS.展开更多
This study is concerned with the literary and aesthetic influences that led to Charles Sheeler＇s formation of a paragone in his early 20th century work. This painter, photographer, printmaker, and experimental filmma...This study is concerned with the literary and aesthetic influences that led to Charles Sheeler＇s formation of a paragone in his early 20th century work. This painter, photographer, printmaker, and experimental filmmaker had very specific ideas concerning the hierarchy of the visual arts. While he is known for embracing a wide range of media and materials, by 1919 his aesthetic thought reveals a desire to elevate the painting over all other media. This formation of a visual paragone was initially influenced by his involvement in the interdisciplinary circles which surrounded both Alfred Stieglitz and Walter and Louise Arensberg in New York City. In particular, his lifelong friendship with the poet and writer William Carlos Williams would shape his aesthetic thought leading to his elevation of painting over all other media. Sheeler＇s paragone would begin to form during his stays at the rural Doylestown House in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. This rural home, which he first rented with fellow painter Morton Schamberg in 1916, would become an artistic refuge for both artists. While commercial photography was beginning to take up more if his time in Philadelphia, it was the retreats to the Doylestown house that enabled Sheeler to continue experiments in painting and begin to think of the photograph as something other than a document of architectural work. At this early stage in his artistic career, Sheeler was beginning to form his own hierarchy and contribute to the continuing argument of painting versus photography.展开更多
Merchants from many countries went to China to trade in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, including Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Flemish, Armenians, Muslims, Parsees, Dutch, Danish, Austrians, Ital...Merchants from many countries went to China to trade in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, including Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Flemish, Armenians, Muslims, Parsees, Dutch, Danish, Austrians, Italians, and Americans. Many of these travelers kept detailed records of their encounters with China. Their documents can be very helpful in unraveling parts of the history that are silent in Chinese sources. These records can be divided into three basic groups, those of： East India companies, private traders, and private travelers. East India companies kept massive volumes of records and tended to be very systematic in the type of information they recorded from one year to the next. Private trade records were much less sophisticated than those of the companies, and often consisted of miscellaneous bundles of receipts, reports, letters, contracts, and journals. Private travel records were written by persons who sailed on merchant ships but were not necessarily merchants themselves. They recorded what they saw and heard along the way, which is information that often does appear in other records. Taken as a whole, company records, private trade records and private travel journals add much detail to the history of China that cannot be found in Chinese language sources.展开更多
文摘Recently, Open Source Software （OSS） is so widely used not only by companies for development but also by common users instead of commercial software. However, the number of OSS is vast, and its quality varies from low to high. So how people can evaluate OSS and ensta-e that it is reliable for use becomes necessary. This paper proposes a set of reliability evaluation metrics considering the states of OSS selected in the early stage. Understandability, Fault tolerance ＆ Recoverability and Community Matmrity as sub-attributes of reliability are defined, and then several evaluation criteria for each of them are identified. A process of reliability evaluation in our study is proposed. For application, we select four OSS projects and evaluate them with our metrics. As a result of compadrison with other evaluation model for OSS, our research presents an easy, effective and trustworthy way for selecting a reliable OSS.
文摘This study is concerned with the literary and aesthetic influences that led to Charles Sheeler＇s formation of a paragone in his early 20th century work. This painter, photographer, printmaker, and experimental filmmaker had very specific ideas concerning the hierarchy of the visual arts. While he is known for embracing a wide range of media and materials, by 1919 his aesthetic thought reveals a desire to elevate the painting over all other media. This formation of a visual paragone was initially influenced by his involvement in the interdisciplinary circles which surrounded both Alfred Stieglitz and Walter and Louise Arensberg in New York City. In particular, his lifelong friendship with the poet and writer William Carlos Williams would shape his aesthetic thought leading to his elevation of painting over all other media. Sheeler＇s paragone would begin to form during his stays at the rural Doylestown House in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. This rural home, which he first rented with fellow painter Morton Schamberg in 1916, would become an artistic refuge for both artists. While commercial photography was beginning to take up more if his time in Philadelphia, it was the retreats to the Doylestown house that enabled Sheeler to continue experiments in painting and begin to think of the photograph as something other than a document of architectural work. At this early stage in his artistic career, Sheeler was beginning to form his own hierarchy and contribute to the continuing argument of painting versus photography.
文摘Merchants from many countries went to China to trade in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, including Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Flemish, Armenians, Muslims, Parsees, Dutch, Danish, Austrians, Italians, and Americans. Many of these travelers kept detailed records of their encounters with China. Their documents can be very helpful in unraveling parts of the history that are silent in Chinese sources. These records can be divided into three basic groups, those of： East India companies, private traders, and private travelers. East India companies kept massive volumes of records and tended to be very systematic in the type of information they recorded from one year to the next. Private trade records were much less sophisticated than those of the companies, and often consisted of miscellaneous bundles of receipts, reports, letters, contracts, and journals. Private travel records were written by persons who sailed on merchant ships but were not necessarily merchants themselves. They recorded what they saw and heard along the way, which is information that often does appear in other records. Taken as a whole, company records, private trade records and private travel journals add much detail to the history of China that cannot be found in Chinese language sources.
