仁用杏花期败育类型的研究及分析

仁用杏是张家口特色产业之一,是张家口种植面积最广的经济林之一。仁用杏适应性强、栽培管理简单、性价比高,但当前仍存在仁用杏产量低、产量不稳等问题。引起上述问题的原因除了冻花冻果、管理粗放、病虫危害等因素之外,花期败育也是造成仁用杏产量低的原因之一。以仁用杏‘优一’为试材,研究了‘优一’盛花期的各种花器类型,对花器官败育类型和形态解剖学结构进行观察。结果表明,仁用杏‘优一’的花期物候主要有初花期、盛花初期、盛花期、盛花末期、终花期等,从初花期至终花期共10 d左右;调查‘优一’花期花器官类型主要有4种,分别为雌蕊高于雄蕊、雌蕊败育、雌雄蕊等高、雌蕊低于雄蕊,4种类型分别占15.4%、2.6%、59.0%和23.0%;对仁用杏花芽解剖结构观察,仁用杏‘优一’的花期败育主要是子房回拢、花柱完全败育、花柱短小、花柱弯曲、花柱缢缩、柱头缢裂、子房空腔、花柱缢裂、柱头不均匀膨大、雌蕊发育不均衡、雌蕊原基突起异常11种类型;畸变时期从8月26日左右开始到翌年3月3日左右,高峰期主要集中在12月初。综上结果表明,仁用杏成花容易,但由于雌蕊畸形占有一定比例,也会引起授粉受精能力降低,导致落花落果,从而影响仁用杏的产量。

关于对药用被子植物一些形态结构类型的归并与划分

目的:对药用被子植物气孔和器官的一些特殊类型进行归并划分。方法:观察、分析和研究有关标本,对气孔类型和复叶、叶序、茎、花序的一些特殊类型进行界定并建立划分方法。结果:按不同方法重新划分药用被子植物气孔类型。确立参差羽状复叶与鸟足状复叶、假对生叶序、斜升茎与小鳞茎、混合花序等一些器官特殊类型。缠绕茎、攀缘茎、平卧茎和匍匐茎应归为藤本茎这一大类。结论:提高了对药用植物组织器官形态的认知程度,丰富了药用植物学理论体系,为进一步研究药用植物特征提供了重要资料。

‘粉蝶’胡枝子主要抗氧化物质含量与提取方法

【目的】了解‘粉蝶’胡枝子的抗氧化物质含量,促进胡枝子保健产品开发。【方法】以‘粉蝶’胡枝子的芽、叶、嫩茎为材料,分别测定维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚、原花青素含量,并对不同浸提剂(100%乙醇、75%乙醇、100%甲醇、95~98℃的热水)、不同浸提方式(超声波处理2 h、振荡14 h、静置14 h)、脱脂与不脱脂对抗氧化物提取效果进行了比较。【结果】①‘粉蝶’胡枝子的芽、叶、嫩茎中的维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚、原花青素含量存在显著性差异。维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚、原花青素含量表现为叶>芽>嫩茎。②浸提剂种类与浸提方式影响总黄酮、总多酚的提取,以75%乙醇为浸提剂,超声波震荡处理2 h,提取效果最优。③对胡枝子材料进行脱脂前处理,原花青素测定值显著高于未进行脱脂处理的。【结论】‘粉蝶’胡枝子芽、叶、嫩茎抗氧化物质含量存在显著性差异,其中叶、芽中含量高,具有较高开发价值。

Nerve Terminal Types of Sinus Gland and Neurosecretory Cell Types of X-organ in Crab Eriocheir sinensis

The ultrastructure of the X organ sinus gland complex in sexually immature Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was examined under the electron microscope. The sinus gland (SG) is composed primarily of nerve terminals and glial cells. The terminal contains a great number of membrane bound granules, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and electron lucent vesicles. The profiles of the terminals are sometimes exhibited finger like projections. The X organ (XO) locates at the ventral surface of the medulla terminalis ganglion in the eyestalk, oppositing to SG. According to the features of granule size, shape, electron density and cytoplasm, 6 types of terminals in SG and 7 types of neurosecretory (NS) cells in XO were identified. The release process by exocytosis of the granules in SG was observed and a tentative comparison was made for the granules between different types of terminals and NS cells. It seemed that they had a good correspondence since no change in electron density and just a slight increase of sizes was shown.

Functional morphology of the olfactory organ of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis

The morphology and structure of the olfactory organ of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther are described. The oval olfactory sacs on both sides differ in size and in the number of lamellae, With those on the abocular side having smaller sacs and fewer lamellae than those on the ocular side. On the ocular side, the average ratio of sac length to eye diameter is 2.1 （i.e.〉1） with an average of 91 lamellae, while on the abocular side, the values were 1.7 （i.e.〉1） and 69, respectively. In addition, the surface morphology varies in different parts of the lamella. The frontal part, near the anterior nostril, is a non-sensory margin with cilia-free epidermal cells. Within this is an internal ciliated sensory area, which is intercalated with ciliated receptor cells and a few ciliated non-sensory cells. Additionally, some dense ciliated non-sensory cells make up a non-sensory area, which also contains cilia-free epidermal cells distributed in patches. In the rear of the olfactory sac near the posterior nostril, the lamellae differ in morphology from those of the frontal olfactory sac but are similar in having few ciliated receptor cells. In other words, the surface of the lamellae in the rear part of the olfactory sac is mainly non-sensory. At present, four types of lamellae （~ E IlIand IV） have been recognized in relation to the pattern of the sensory epithelium. In this study, the frontal and rear lamellae resembled types I and IV, respectively, but are referred to as types r and IV because they are slightly less developed. Data on the ratio of length of lamellae to eye diameter, number of lamellae and the type of surface pattern of the lamellae show that the development of the olfactory system of C. semilaevis facilitates prey capture.

Growth Response of Artemisia annua by Effect of Types and Composition of Organic Fertilizer in Lowland

Artemisia annua is a plant used to cure malaria diseases. Artemisia plant contains artemisinin as secondary metabolite that used to eliminate parasite that caused malaria, such as Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisia growth affects production of artemisinin content in plant. Therefore, necessary environment conditions and appropriate organic manure application are needed to support the growth of Artemisia. This research aimed to determine the effect of fertilizer type and proportion in the medium on the Artemisia growth. This research was conducted at greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, in October 2015 to January 2016. This research used a completely randomized design （CRD）, consisting of two factors of treatment with three replications. The first factor was type of fertilizer that consists of three types： horse manure fertilizer, compost filter press mud and cow manure fertilizer. The second factor was proportion of fertilizer with media consisted of five levels： fertilizer as media, proportion of fertilizer with media 4：1, 3：2, 2：3 and 1：4. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan＇s multiple range test with level of 5%. It can be concluded that treatment with compost filter press mud provided the highest of plant height, root length, days to flowering, root volume, fresh weight and dry weight of crop.