中国武术器与技的文化现象解析

武术文化源远流长,是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。武术拥有成熟的器械体系及独特的技术内容,长久以来受到各界学者的重视。研究表明,在中国文化背景下,武术器的文化现象体现在彰显民族文化特色,人因器显,器以人名;技的文化表现为攻守兼备,寓攻于守。武术器械的产生和军用兵器是分不开的,军用兵器是武术器械的基础。器与技相互影响,同为技击制胜的重要因素。建议着重武术技的挖掘,同时提升到文化的高度对其研究。以史为鉴,对流传过程中出现的差异及谬误之处应找到辨别的依据。

是玄文化还是道器并重的文化

2 0世纪 2 0年代发生的科玄论战 ,至今还没有结论。论战双方的一个共同点被众多的研究者忽略了 ,这就是双方都认为一个“玄”字可以代表中华文化。笔者认为 ,正如一个“科”字不能代表西方文化一样 ,一个“玄”字无论如何也代表不了完整的中华文化。道生万物 ,道玄物不玄。形上之道对应形下之器 ,道玄器不玄。玄妙之道 ,一是体现万物之中 ,二是体现在道器转化之中。在天地起源问题 ,中华先贤没有造神 ,而是创建了一个阴阳之道。在如何生活问题上 ,中华先贤没有依赖神的恩赐 ,而是用发明创造先进的器具来创造幸福。在中华民族开端之处 ,贤哲们的丰功伟绩大都体现在他们创造的器具之中。道在中华元文化里具有至高无上的地位 ,但是器具之“器”可以与“道”字相并列 ,从源头上说 ,中华文化应该是道器并重的文化。道器并重的文化孕育出了一个善于发明创造的先进的文明的中华民族。文化的失传与变质 ,应该是中华民族落后的原因。遗憾的是 ,科玄论战的双方均没有注意到这一点。民族文化是一个民族的根。正如大树不能没有根一样 ,一个民族也不能没有自己的文化。为了中华民族的重新辉煌 。

“器”文化在红山文化祭祀活动中的应用及影响——以朝阳牛河梁遗址为例

红山文化是中华远古文明的重要组成部分。红山文化中的祭祀活动反映了原始先民对祖先崇拜及追求美好生活的精神诉求。祭祀活动中典型祭祀法器——无底筒形器,是红山"器"文化的突出代表。本文以田野调查的方式考察了朝阳牛河梁祭祀遗址,以祭祀区内原始礼器为研究核心,系统地阐述了筒形器产生背景、器型演进、鼎盛发展,直到最后消亡的历程。从原始礼器的造型、摆放、实用、精神象征等方面分析了陶筒形器过渡到玉筒形器的原因,深入地探讨了红山祭祀礼仪的形制和内涵,及其对现代生活的影响。

The Holocene warm-humid phases in the North China Plain as recorded by multi-proxy records

The grain size and palinology of sediment and the frequency of ^14C dada provide an integrated reconstruction of the Holocene warm-humid phases of the North China Plain. Two clear intense and long-lasting warm-humid phases were identified by comprehensive research in this region. The first phase was dated back to the early Holocene （9 000-7 000 a BP）, and the second was centered at 5 000-3 000 a BP. The warm-humid episode between 9 000 and 7 000 a BP was also recognized at other sites showing global climatic trends rather than local events. Compared with the concern to the warm-humid phase of the early Holocene, the second one was not paid enough attention in the last few decades. The compilation of the Holocene paleoclimate data suggests that perhaps the second warm-humid phase was pervasive in monsoon region of China. In perspective of environmental archaeology, much attention should be devoted to it, because the flourish and adaptation of the Neolithic cultures and the building up of the first state seem to corresponding to the general warm-humid climatic conditions of this period. In addition, a warm-humid interval at 7 20045 500 a BP was recognized by the grain size data from three sites. However, this warm-humid event was not shown in pollen assemblage and temporal distribution of ^14C data. Perhaps, the resolution for climatic reconstruction from pollen and temporal distribution of ^14C data cited here is relatively low and small-amplitude and short-period climatic events cannot be well reflected by the data. Due to the difference in locality and elevation of sampling site, as well as in resolution of proxy records, it is difficult to make precise correlation. Further work is needed in the future.

Jade Huang and Chinese Culture Identity： Focus on the Myth of＂Huang of Xiahoushi＂

This paper focus on the myth of ＂Huang of Xiahoushi＂ （~）：~ ~2_t~）, focusing on the distribution of Jade Huang （夏后氏之璜） since the early neolithic and its process of pluralistic integration. The paper explores the story of ethnic group, cultural identification and the significance of Jade Huang in the discourse construction of etiquette civilization behind the mythic narrative based on multi-evidence method and the local meaning of literature in ancient Chinese context.

On the theoretical basis of linguistics and modem cultural studies

Language study is closely related to the ecological literature and cultural studies. The predicament of modern ecological literature and cultural theory is that there no linguistic theory to rely on. Biolinguistics emphasize the two-way interaction between language and environment, regard language as the intermediate link between nature and culture. It combines the ＂environment＂ of language with nature and social psychology. Thus this theory studies beyond such one-way determinism of traditional linguistics as ＂the world constructed language＂ or ＂language of the construction of the world,＂ concerning the relationship between language and the world. It also goes beyond the dualism of ＂naturatness＂ of language and ＂agreement＂ of the issue to become the real eco-dialectical linguistic theory with rich ＂argument＂ . This theory can help people better understand the relationship between text and the world, nature and culture, natural ecology and social spiritual ecology. Therefore it is a basic theory of modern literature, cultural studies, as well as one of the most leading and challenging issue for the study of ecological poetic and culture abroad.

Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas （New ApproachmOnline Sensors for Pest Detection）

Common denominator and one of the goals in the ＂storage＂ of many, even different, commodities （agricultural, etc.） is their protection against invasion by biological pests; protection of objects of cultural heritage deposited in museums, galleries, archives and other institutions of a similar type is one of the specific case. The present article is an overview of basic （potential） biological pests of some ＂storage＂ commodities （with emphasis on the protection of objects of cultural heritage） as well as methods used for their detection. In the final section, a modular system of the ongoing assessment of the environmental characteristics of depositaries and exhibitions （including ＂biological＂） is briefly presented; its advantage is the possibility of on-line monitoring of the evaluated parameters （temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.） including the detection of presence of crawling and airborne insects.

How to Avoid Communication Conflicts Between Chinese and English Speakers

Chinese core values are very different from those of people in English speaking countries, and this makes communication styles very different. When Chinese communicate with people from other cultures, cultural awareness sometimes helps make the communication easier and more effective. When people are in a bi-cultural or even multi-cultural situation, they need to be aware of the cultural differences. On the other hand, for various reasons, cultural barriers may arise. This can occur when the people concerned speak entirely different languages or hold entirely different values and communication styles. This essay examines how native Chinese speakers communicate with or without words and how the effectiveness of what people say can be helped or hindered by the various messages their language and bodies send. Only when communicators are aware of their own communicative styles and those of others can they avoid communication conflicts. Observing and respecting other people＇s communication styles during the adjustment of one＇s own communication behaviors should be an on-going task in the intercultural communication.

Application of Stone as a Roofing in the Reconstruction and Construction

In architecture, in the past, different materials were used for covering of the buildings. The selection of the type of roofing depended on the purpose and size of the building; thus all the churches, administrative buildings and important medieval buildings were originally covered with stone or lead slabs as the final roofing material. The tendency of return of stone as an authentic roofing in the reconstruction of medieval buildings and churches, as well as the introduction of stone as a roofing on the new buildings in protected historic cores, is possible only if fulfilled modem principles and requirements of the physics of construction. The application of modem principles of double ventilated roofs and the use of stone as a roofing enables the restoration and preservation of the original appearance of medieval buildings, as well as the preservation and conservation of existing frescoes that have been present for centuries in these facilities. It also enables a successful reconstruction of a large number of medieval buildings. In this way it has been given a contribution to the preservation of old medieval buildings as the improvement of world cultural heritage.

The Image and Text Relationship in TANG Yin＇s Scroll of Poetry and Painting

This paper seeks to examine the image and text relationship in TANG Yin＇s scroll of poetry and painting from three aspects： The first aspect focuses upon the schema type of its image and text relationship in physical form; the second aspect, explores the text＇s/poetry＇s functions of anchorage and relay while appreciating those images/paintings; the third aspect, traces the semiosis process of image, exploring how image and text as cultural products in the epistemological world mediates with the phenomenological world

Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage： A Robot Application in Architectural Survey

In this work a study of feasibility is illustrated to design and build a mobile robot for inspection and analysis of historical sites of architectonic interest. This novel application for robotic systems can be considered of great interest because nowadays the need of more and more accurate and efficient survey activity requires enhancement and even development of procedures with more reliable, innovative, and advanced characteristics. Within this expectation robots and robotic systems seem to be suitable solutions even with the purposes of： operating in environments that cannot be reached by human operators. The study of feasibility concerns with the analysis and simulation of a robotic system that can be used for operating in historical sites. Basic features of such mobile robots, either legged or wheeled, are well known, but specific requirements should be considered for the proposed applications in archaeological/architectural sites, which can be considered as a novelty in the field of Robotics. Basic features of the proposed robotic system can be summarized as follows： the robot should be able to move inside the archaeological and/or architectural sites by carrying surveying devices and by avoiding damage of the surface and other parts of the site.

Confessions of a Closet Comic Book Reader： How Comics Warped Minds and Challenged Cultural Standards

In 1952, the federal government was called upon to investigate the comic book industry in order to determine if reading comic books influenced juvenile delinquency. The United States could not afford to look weak from any angle; the idea of Communist nations exploiting moral weakness of any kind was frightening to many. However, the Soviets were already aware of moral issues on the American home front that were affecting the health of the nation, such as civil rights, sexism （sexual confusion）, a rise in fascism, and juvenile delinquency. This study will discuss the investigation of the comic book industry as the sole contributors to juvenile delinquent issues, as Fredric Wertham charged in his book Seduction of the Innocent. In addition, this study focuses on the ways in which Entertaining Comics （EC） pushed the envelope and challenged Cold War standards of ideal middle class values. Their creative resistance led to the federal investigation which nearly destroyed the comic book industry. Through these investigations, the federal government re-defined the first amendment as it applied to this type of media as a way to curtail what they believed was the Soviet Union＇s efforts to use our own literature as a propaganda tool for their people.

Impacts of long-term ridge culture on aggregate stability in purple paddy soil of Sichuan basin

Ridge culture is a special conservation tillage method, but the long-term influence of this tillage system on soil aggregate-size stability in paddy fields is largely unknown in southwest of China. The paper is to evaluate soil aggregate stability and to determine the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil aggregate stability. Soil samples at 0 cm-20 cm layer were adopted from a long-term (16 a) field experiment including conventional tillage: plain culture, summer rice crop and winter upland crop under drained conditions (PUR-r); and conservation tillage: ridge culture without tillage, summer rice and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (NTR-f), winter upland crop under drained conditions (NTR-r), and wide ridge culture without tillage, summer rice crop and winter upland crop under conditions (NTRw-r), respectively. Different pretreatments, such as slaking in fast wetting, wetting and subsequent slaking, were applied to simulate the breakdown mechanisms of aggregates in paddy soil. The results show that soil particles contents were mainly consisted of silt (0.050 mm to 1.000 mm) in fraction of 42.9% to 51.2%, sand (0.050 mm to 0.001 mm) in fraction of 28.0% to 31.8%, and clay (<0.001 mm) in fraction of 17.9% to 25.4%. The amount of aggregate-size was greatly observed in fraction of 2.000 mm-6.720 mm under ridge culture in paddy soil (more than 50$) under slaking and wetting pretreatment. The proportion of soil macro-aggregates (>0.250 mm) in conservation tillage was greatly higher than that in conventional tillage under subsequent fast slaking treatment. Minimal differences of aggregate stability between slaking in fast wetting and wetting were observed, while significant differences were found between ridge culture and plain culture. The aggregate stability under slaking treatment ranked in the order of NTR-r>NTRw-r> NTR-f > PUR-r, while under wetting was NTRw-r > NTR-r > NTR-f >PUR-r. There was a positive correlation between the aggregate stability and SOC concentration under wetting, and a low correlation was observed under slaking pretreatment. Soil exposure with tillage and lack of rice/rape-seed stubble inputs caused declines in aggregation and organic carbon, both of which make soil susceptible to water erosion. Adoption of ridge culture with no-tillage integrated with crop rotation and stubble mulch significantly altered soil organic concentration. It was a valuable conservation practice for soil aggregation and soil organic carbon sequestration on paddy soil.

Flow Field of Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Venturi Inlet Configuration

Different two-equation k-ε models were used to simulate the gas flow field generated by a new type of circulating fluidized bed reactor with venturi gas distributor. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. It has been shown that the simulation results from the standard k-ε model have the best match with the experimental data. Based on this model, the gas flow field in the venturi diffuser and riser was analyzed by the concept of velocity nonuniformity and dead zone percentage. Both the nonuniformity of gas velocity and the dead zone percentage reach the maximum at the venturi outlet due to the effect of the vortex. At the same time, it provides a good platform for the further optimization of the inlet configuration of circulating fluidized bed reactor.

Main Stages of Evolution from Mechanical Automatic Systems to Humanoid Robot

Since ancient times, man has been concerned to create an artificial structure similar to itself. This concern has remained constant attention and creative thinkers most profound since antiquity until today, it is of greatest interest. This article aims to highlight the most significant moments of the evolution from mechanical creatures mythical or real, from antiquity to the present humanoid robots. There are thus shown the most significant variants humanoid imagined or realized since Talos, described in Greek mythology, continuing with mechanical machines during late Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire and then the Renaissance of the post-renaissance, then they are shown the main achievements of the industrialization period from the nineteenth to the early part of the twentieth century, then to the most important made in the last decades of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century. The work is important to stimulate concerns academic theorists and practice but also in the industrial practice specializing in robotics and more generally in mechatronics. It also opens the prospect of defining the concept of an artificial humanoid useful both for human prosthesis with certain disabilities, and a humanoid robot performance.

Research on the Teaching Reform in Computer Basic Course Centered on Improving Information Literacy

In the current modem society, information technology enjoys rapid development and information resources increase sharply. In this context, information literacy has been an important indicator for assessing a talent＇s comprehensive quality. As a compulsory public course for college students not majoring in computers, computer basic course plays a significant role in cultivating college students＇ information literacy. However, how to improve contemporary college students＇ information literacy, facilitate the teaching reform in fundamental computer education, and effectively improve college students＇ capacities of solving problems with computers is a difficult question faced by fundamental computer education in colleges and universities

Who is the ＂Rightful＂ Inheritor of Ancient Culture？ Ancient Greece, Modern Greece, and Richard Wagner

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reception of Wagner＇s approaches to Greek antiquity by Greek musicologists and composers which took place at the first half of the 20th century. Wagner＇s such readings were parts of wider narrations of archeology and how Greeks perceived their past.This research is largely based on primary sources of that time; its arguments construct two levels of critique： （1） Admiration （the ＇proper＇ aesthetic examples are German models, as exemplified in Wagner＇s work）; and （2） ＂Hellenism＂ as a means to distancing from Wagner （The past of ancient Greece is still believed to be better understood by the Greeks）. The principal conclusions are： （1） Wagner＇s views were admired because Wagner＇s example （ancient culture） should also be an example for Greek composers; and （2） Wagner＇s views were judged on the grounds of： Ideology： the expression of the ＂soul＂; the theory of ＂historic continuity＂; the balance between music, poetry, and dance; Wagner gave superiority to music, modem Greeks （should） give a predominant role to language as a means of expression in an ancient drama, or achieve a balance among the three arts of music, poetry, and dance.

Urban Transformation and Nostalgia in Merdivenkoy, Istanbul

In this paper the author will try to discuss the experiences and narratives of three different categories of families living in Merdivenkoy, Fikirtepe, the oldest settlement and suburban area of the Anatolian side of Istanbul, on the backdrop of urban transformation that will change the area soon. In life story narratives, these three examples give us information about the history, economic linkage, and life styles of neighboring families. The first category basically consists of the families that live in the area for a very long time, over some decades or more. Even one of them mentioned that, their family is living there for hundreds of years. The second category, which represents the biggest group living in the area, consists of families migrated from Sivas, a central Anatolian city, in the 1950s. Third category consist of Kurds migrated from eastern Anatolian villages and cities such as Mardin. Each category has different kinds of nostalgia about the past. Interviewees from the first category talk about family narratives related to the small village Merdivenk6y, Fikirtepe and the area. Mostly, they have a story of a ＂well off＂ family, structured and detailed narratives about the family history, including relations with the Ottoman Palace such as doing some sort of production for it. They seem very sensitive about the local cultural characteristics and what＇s going on in the area; realistic about and reconciled with what will happen as a result of slum clearance. Interviewees from the second category mostly emphasize the hardship of settling in a muddy suburban area, where once ＂muddy lands＂ now turned out to become valuable urban properties on which new and modem neighborhoods, shopping malls and office buildings will be built. They are expecting to get maximum gain out of the exchange of their small property, since they are desperately in need, because of the financial crisis situation. Although their houses with small gardens near the small industrial area are small, old, and neglected for years, they expect the most. Relatively newcomers, Kurdish people in the area talk about the good old days on the one hand and the painful stories about migration and settling on the other hand. They do not think about going back to their native lands, since here it is easier for them to find jobs in the informal economy as they live very close to central parts of the city. As a part of a larger research study focused on the experience of urban transformation, we made more than 50 interviews, trying to make a general outlook of the area, working on the dynamics of change before and after the urban transformation that had been started in June 2010. By using oral history research techniques and social science methodology, we conducted in-depth interviews with the people living in the neighborhood, made observations in the neighborhood and took photographs. The author＇s work is about the reflections of nostalgia in their family histories and experiences of different categories of families living in the area referring life story narratives. As far as the author can see in each group he works on, there are different contradictions related to their position in the city and conception of the area. The urban transformation presented and is perceived as a fortune for all of them, but it will have contradictory outcomes in reality for each as indicated in other examples in the world.

欧亚大陆草原早期游牧文化的几点思考

欧亚大陆草原地带通常是指多瑙河至长城地带的广阔地区,这里自古以来是游牧和半游牧人的活动地域,他们遗留下独具特色的文化遗物,尤其以风格相近的兵器、马具和所谓'野兽纹'艺术(俗称'斯基泰三要素'或'斯基泰三合一')著称于世。正因为如此,欧亚大陆草原早期游牧文化曾引起国内外学者的广泛关注,不仅有很多重要的考古发现。

生活·时尚·文化——阿格尼斯·弗瑞兹的日用瓷设计

本文从女性主义视角入手,层层深入剖析阿格尼斯·弗瑞兹日用陶瓷设计中的女性主义风格,并将日用陶瓷作为生活之器、时尚之器、文化之器和生命之器加以分析。