The growth, biochemical content and bioaccumulation quantity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47) in Skeletonema costatum were studied under different N:P ratios(1, 4, 16, 64 and 128). All cellular bi...The growth, biochemical content and bioaccumulation quantity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47) in Skeletonema costatum were studied under different N:P ratios(1, 4, 16, 64 and 128). All cellular biochemical contents of S. costatum presented decreasing trend over cultivation time. At early stage of cultivation, the cellular protein, carbohydrate and lipid in S. costatum presented higher values in treatments of N:P=4 and 16. However, they were lower in these treatments at the late stage, but higher in treatments N:P=1 and 128. Similarly, BDE-47 levels per cell of S. costatum were higher in treatments of N:P=4 and 16 at early stage of cultivation, which were 3.8 and 3.7 ng(106 cells)-1, respectively. At the middle stage of cultivation, the BDE-47 level per S. costatum cell lowered; and it further reduced in the treatments of N:P=4 and 16 at the late stage with the values 0.6 and 0.5 ng(106 cells)-1, respectively. However, it rose in N:P=128, reaching up to 2.3 ng(106 cells)-1. Compared with BDE-47 per cell, BDE-47 per algal volume under different N:P ratios did not present obvious difference. The quantity BDE-47 accumulated per cell of S. costatum was positively correlated with protein, carbohydrate and lipid per cell; meanwhile, the BDE-47 per volume had a positive correlation with biochemical content per volume. The variation of bioaccumulation ability of BDE-47 in S. costatum can be explained by biochemical changes due to N:P ratios.展开更多
The solubility of meropenem trihydrate in water+acetone mixtures and water+tetrahydrofuran mixtures were determined from T=(278.15 to 303.15) K by static method under atmospheric pressure.Effects of solvent compositio...The solubility of meropenem trihydrate in water+acetone mixtures and water+tetrahydrofuran mixtures were determined from T=(278.15 to 303.15) K by static method under atmospheric pressure.Effects of solvent composition and temperature on solubility of meropenem trihydrate were discussed.To extend the applicability of the solubility data,experimental solubility data in two kinds of binary solvent mixtures were correlated by the Apelblat equation and NIBS/Redlich–Kister model.It was found that the two models could satisfactorily correlate the experimental data and the Apelblat equation could give better correlation results.展开更多
The microstructure, IR spectrum, as well as rotation dynamics of water molecule in sodium tetrafluoroborate （NaBF4）/water mixture at room temperatures were studied with molecular dynamics simulation. Different conce...The microstructure, IR spectrum, as well as rotation dynamics of water molecule in sodium tetrafluoroborate （NaBF4）/water mixture at room temperatures were studied with molecular dynamics simulation. Different concentrations of water （6.25%, 25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%, 90.0%, and 99.6%） in NaBF4/water mixture were simulated to understand the structure and dynamics. It was shown that water molecules tend to be isolated from each other in mixtures with more ions than water molecules in both liquids. With increase of the molar fraction of water in the mixture, the rotation bands and the bending bands of water display red shift whereas the O-H stretch bands show blue shift, and the decay of the reorientation correlation function becomes slower. This suggests that the molecules are hindered and their motions are difficult and slow, due to the hydrogen-bond interactions and the inharmonic interactions between the interor intra-molecular modes.展开更多
This paper reviewed rainwater collection and water resource management in Ningnan County in southwestern mountain of China,as a case study for solving the problems of water management in a simple and sustainable way. ...This paper reviewed rainwater collection and water resource management in Ningnan County in southwestern mountain of China,as a case study for solving the problems of water management in a simple and sustainable way. In this mountainous agriculture system,private agricultural enterprises were introduced into local mountain agriculture to solve capital fund shortage for the construction of rainwater harvesting system. Agreement was signed by private agriculture enterprises with the target farmers to subscribe for the household agriculture production at a protection price. Cash invested by the enterprise and subsidy from the government were collected for purchasing materials,while the farmers supplied labors for the construction of water harvesting systems. The system solved the share of input and benefits between the local government,enterprise and household farms successfully. In addition,the micro water harvesting tanks and micro irrigate systems extend quickly in this mountainous county. Up to 2007,more than 12 000 rainwater harvesting tanks had been established and more than 8.5×104 hm2 dry arable land accounting for nearly 75% of the total arable land had been irrigated efficiently. Per capita income of farmer had been increased by 14 times in the past 20 years. Considerable potential for further improvement in implementation of the models for solving water shortage and water resource management in mountain region maybe depend on more local private agriculture enterprises and households than the government.展开更多
Numbers of hydrate-based new techniques require the algorithm to be able to perform multiphase flash calculation where one phase is a gas hydrate phase.Tetrahydrofuran(THF)is frequently used as a thermodynamic promote...Numbers of hydrate-based new techniques require the algorithm to be able to perform multiphase flash calculation where one phase is a gas hydrate phase.Tetrahydrofuran(THF)is frequently used as a thermodynamic promoter in the development of hydrate-based technique,which can reduce the hydrate formation pressure,especially when methane or hydrogen exists.However,it is a hard work to describe accurately the phase behavior of THF-water system due to their polarities.It has been proved that the water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion can raise the hydrate formation rate and improve the single stage separation efficiency,and furthermore prevent the hydrate from agglomeration to plug the facilities.The goal of this work is to present an extension of our previous work to the prediction of the vapor-liquid-liquid-hydrate equilibrium of such complex systems.These include ternary and quaternary mixtures with W/O emulsion containing THF.The proposed algorithm of four phase equilibrium calculation is very simple due to avoiding the complexity of simultaneous solution of the sophisticated equation group.The calculation results were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Sini San and fluoxetine on the levels of central and peripheral 5-HT in a rat model of depression, and provide new insight into the treatment of depression with integrated Chin...OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Sini San and fluoxetine on the levels of central and peripheral 5-HT in a rat model of depression, and provide new insight into the treatment of depression with integrated Chinese-Western Medicine.METHODS: A rat model of depression was established by chronic mild stress(CMS). Model rats received either Sini San, fluoxetine, a combination of the two drugs, or no drug treatment. Healthy naive rats were used as controls. Open field and sucrose preference tests were used to assess depression-like behavior. ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to determine central and peripheral levels of 5-HT.RESULTS: In the group with no drug treatment,central 5-HT expression decreased while peripheral5-HT concentrations increased as CMS continued.Four weeks after CMS, Sini San alone was less effective in reducing depression-like behavior than fluoxetine alone or in combination with Sini San,but combined use was more effective than fluoxetine alone. Eight weeks after CMS, Sini San alone or in combination with fluoxetine was more effective in reducing depression-like behavior than fluoxetine alone. Furthermore Sini San and fluoxetine used alone or in combination notably increased central 5-HT expression and decreased peripheral 5-HT levels in the rat model.CONCLUSION:The results of the present study indicate that there is a synergistic action between the two medicines in the treatment of depression. Sini San exhibited a relatively long lag before its effects were observed; however, by eight weeks the Traditional Chinese Medicine appeared at least as effective as fluoxetine. We suggest that Sini San can replace fluoxetine in the later stages of depression treatment to minimize side effects observed with long-term fluoxetine administration.展开更多
A simple method for the controllable hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2(nc-TiO2) particles involving the selection of suitable organic alkali peptizing agents is reported.A dye-sensitized solar cel...A simple method for the controllable hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2(nc-TiO2) particles involving the selection of suitable organic alkali peptizing agents is reported.A dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC) with square-like nc-TiO2 particles with side lengths about 8-13 nm-prepared using tetraethylammonium hydroxide(TEAOH)-in the photoelectrode showed higher photovoltaic performance than two other DSSCs with square-like nc-TiO2 particles with side lengths about 7-10 nm-prepared using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide-or elongated nc-TiO2 particles with lengths about 18-35 nm and width about 10 18 nm-prepared using tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAOH)-in the photoelectrodes.When a scattering layer prepared from sub-micron size spheres or cone-like nc-TiO2 particles-synthesized using a higher concentration of TMAOH-was added on top of the photoelectrode fabricated from nc-TiO2 synthesized with TEAOH,the energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC was markedly increased from 6.77% to 8.18%.展开更多
A short and efficient stereoselective synthesis of a styryllactone (-)-isoaltholactone has been achieved in seven steps and 33% overall yield, starting from the readily available carbohydrate D-mannose. The key steps ...A short and efficient stereoselective synthesis of a styryllactone (-)-isoaltholactone has been achieved in seven steps and 33% overall yield, starting from the readily available carbohydrate D-mannose. The key steps of our synthesis involve intramolecular tetrahydrofuran cyclization and one-pot acetonide deprotection-lactonization.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40906061)the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Qingdao (No. 12-1-364-nsh)+1 种基金the ‘Two Districts’ Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. 2011-Yellow-19)the Talent Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural University (No. 630642)
文摘The growth, biochemical content and bioaccumulation quantity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47) in Skeletonema costatum were studied under different N:P ratios(1, 4, 16, 64 and 128). All cellular biochemical contents of S. costatum presented decreasing trend over cultivation time. At early stage of cultivation, the cellular protein, carbohydrate and lipid in S. costatum presented higher values in treatments of N:P=4 and 16. However, they were lower in these treatments at the late stage, but higher in treatments N:P=1 and 128. Similarly, BDE-47 levels per cell of S. costatum were higher in treatments of N:P=4 and 16 at early stage of cultivation, which were 3.8 and 3.7 ng(106 cells)-1, respectively. At the middle stage of cultivation, the BDE-47 level per S. costatum cell lowered; and it further reduced in the treatments of N:P=4 and 16 at the late stage with the values 0.6 and 0.5 ng(106 cells)-1, respectively. However, it rose in N:P=128, reaching up to 2.3 ng(106 cells)-1. Compared with BDE-47 per cell, BDE-47 per algal volume under different N:P ratios did not present obvious difference. The quantity BDE-47 accumulated per cell of S. costatum was positively correlated with protein, carbohydrate and lipid per cell; meanwhile, the BDE-47 per volume had a positive correlation with biochemical content per volume. The variation of bioaccumulation ability of BDE-47 in S. costatum can be explained by biochemical changes due to N:P ratios.
基金Supported by Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation(16JCYBJC19500)China Ministry of Science and Major National Scientific Instrument Development Project(2016YFF0102503)
文摘The solubility of meropenem trihydrate in water+acetone mixtures and water+tetrahydrofuran mixtures were determined from T=(278.15 to 303.15) K by static method under atmospheric pressure.Effects of solvent composition and temperature on solubility of meropenem trihydrate were discussed.To extend the applicability of the solubility data,experimental solubility data in two kinds of binary solvent mixtures were correlated by the Apelblat equation and NIBS/Redlich–Kister model.It was found that the two models could satisfactorily correlate the experimental data and the Apelblat equation could give better correlation results.
基金The authors are grateful to Professor Jiu-shu Shao at Beijing Normal University for his encourage and help reading the manuscript. We also would like to thank Prof. Jian-min Tao and Guo-bao Li for their kind help. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.50564006）, the Key program of Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Provine （No.2005EOOO4Z）, the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Provine （No.2008E0049M）, the Foundation of the Education Department of Yunnan Province （No.07Z40082）, and the Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology （No.2007-16）.
文摘The microstructure, IR spectrum, as well as rotation dynamics of water molecule in sodium tetrafluoroborate （NaBF4）/water mixture at room temperatures were studied with molecular dynamics simulation. Different concentrations of water （6.25%, 25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%, 90.0%, and 99.6%） in NaBF4/water mixture were simulated to understand the structure and dynamics. It was shown that water molecules tend to be isolated from each other in mixtures with more ions than water molecules in both liquids. With increase of the molar fraction of water in the mixture, the rotation bands and the bending bands of water display red shift whereas the O-H stretch bands show blue shift, and the decay of the reorientation correlation function becomes slower. This suggests that the molecules are hindered and their motions are difficult and slow, due to the hydrogen-bond interactions and the inharmonic interactions between the interor intra-molecular modes.
文摘This paper reviewed rainwater collection and water resource management in Ningnan County in southwestern mountain of China,as a case study for solving the problems of water management in a simple and sustainable way. In this mountainous agriculture system,private agricultural enterprises were introduced into local mountain agriculture to solve capital fund shortage for the construction of rainwater harvesting system. Agreement was signed by private agriculture enterprises with the target farmers to subscribe for the household agriculture production at a protection price. Cash invested by the enterprise and subsidy from the government were collected for purchasing materials,while the farmers supplied labors for the construction of water harvesting systems. The system solved the share of input and benefits between the local government,enterprise and household farms successfully. In addition,the micro water harvesting tanks and micro irrigate systems extend quickly in this mountainous county. Up to 2007,more than 12 000 rainwater harvesting tanks had been established and more than 8.5×104 hm2 dry arable land accounting for nearly 75% of the total arable land had been irrigated efficiently. Per capita income of farmer had been increased by 14 times in the past 20 years. Considerable potential for further improvement in implementation of the models for solving water shortage and water resource management in mountain region maybe depend on more local private agriculture enterprises and households than the government.
基金supports received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20925623,U1162205)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project,2012CB215005)
文摘Numbers of hydrate-based new techniques require the algorithm to be able to perform multiphase flash calculation where one phase is a gas hydrate phase.Tetrahydrofuran(THF)is frequently used as a thermodynamic promoter in the development of hydrate-based technique,which can reduce the hydrate formation pressure,especially when methane or hydrogen exists.However,it is a hard work to describe accurately the phase behavior of THF-water system due to their polarities.It has been proved that the water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion can raise the hydrate formation rate and improve the single stage separation efficiency,and furthermore prevent the hydrate from agglomeration to plug the facilities.The goal of this work is to present an extension of our previous work to the prediction of the vapor-liquid-liquid-hydrate equilibrium of such complex systems.These include ternary and quaternary mixtures with W/O emulsion containing THF.The proposed algorithm of four phase equilibrium calculation is very simple due to avoiding the complexity of simultaneous solution of the sophisticated equation group.The calculation results were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.
基金Supported by a Grant from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program No.2011CB505106)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Sini San and fluoxetine on the levels of central and peripheral 5-HT in a rat model of depression, and provide new insight into the treatment of depression with integrated Chinese-Western Medicine.METHODS: A rat model of depression was established by chronic mild stress(CMS). Model rats received either Sini San, fluoxetine, a combination of the two drugs, or no drug treatment. Healthy naive rats were used as controls. Open field and sucrose preference tests were used to assess depression-like behavior. ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to determine central and peripheral levels of 5-HT.RESULTS: In the group with no drug treatment,central 5-HT expression decreased while peripheral5-HT concentrations increased as CMS continued.Four weeks after CMS, Sini San alone was less effective in reducing depression-like behavior than fluoxetine alone or in combination with Sini San,but combined use was more effective than fluoxetine alone. Eight weeks after CMS, Sini San alone or in combination with fluoxetine was more effective in reducing depression-like behavior than fluoxetine alone. Furthermore Sini San and fluoxetine used alone or in combination notably increased central 5-HT expression and decreased peripheral 5-HT levels in the rat model.CONCLUSION:The results of the present study indicate that there is a synergistic action between the two medicines in the treatment of depression. Sini San exhibited a relatively long lag before its effects were observed; however, by eight weeks the Traditional Chinese Medicine appeared at least as effective as fluoxetine. We suggest that Sini San can replace fluoxetine in the later stages of depression treatment to minimize side effects observed with long-term fluoxetine administration.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development of China (863 Program,2009AA03Z217)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90922028,51002053)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2010J05115)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (JB-SJ1001)
文摘A simple method for the controllable hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2(nc-TiO2) particles involving the selection of suitable organic alkali peptizing agents is reported.A dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC) with square-like nc-TiO2 particles with side lengths about 8-13 nm-prepared using tetraethylammonium hydroxide(TEAOH)-in the photoelectrode showed higher photovoltaic performance than two other DSSCs with square-like nc-TiO2 particles with side lengths about 7-10 nm-prepared using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide-or elongated nc-TiO2 particles with lengths about 18-35 nm and width about 10 18 nm-prepared using tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAOH)-in the photoelectrodes.When a scattering layer prepared from sub-micron size spheres or cone-like nc-TiO2 particles-synthesized using a higher concentration of TMAOH-was added on top of the photoelectrode fabricated from nc-TiO2 synthesized with TEAOH,the energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC was markedly increased from 6.77% to 8.18%.
基金supported by the MOST of China (2012ZX09502001-001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (2012CB822101,21072217 and 21202193)
文摘A short and efficient stereoselective synthesis of a styryllactone (-)-isoaltholactone has been achieved in seven steps and 33% overall yield, starting from the readily available carbohydrate D-mannose. The key steps of our synthesis involve intramolecular tetrahydrofuran cyclization and one-pot acetonide deprotection-lactonization.
