Excessive MSW （municipal solid waste） production is a growing management problem for cities in developing countries, such as South Africa. A major problem in the city of Tshwane is that all the MSW generated in the ...Excessive MSW （municipal solid waste） production is a growing management problem for cities in developing countries, such as South Africa. A major problem in the city of Tshwane is that all the MSW generated in the city is currently being landfilled with very little recycling initiatives. Selective waste collection and sorting waste fractions out of the waste stream have become a popular survival strategy for the economically excluded population in Tshwane. Reclaimers （waste pickers） work under severe and chronic occupational health and injury risk on landfill sites. The middlemen who purchase their recovered materials exploit and marginalize them. Environmental and social awareness is however a growing issue in South Africa. The study was conducted with the aim of investigating and proposing community recycling programs and technologies to be sustainably implemented in the city of Tshwane. Successful established community recycling programs in Brazil was investigated to verify its socioeconomic and environmental impacts in a sustainable waste management perspective. Community recycling initiatives have been increasingly used as a strategy to address both the MSW problem and urban poverty in Brazil. The study focused on the city of Tshwane, but it can be argued that the findings can be implemented in any other South African municipality and in other emerging countries in Africa.展开更多
Zhu Xinlian,a village doctor in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,has received a significant salary raise：earning 70,000 yuan（$10,606）in 2015 after earning less than 5,000yuan（$758）a year in the late 2000’s.Graduati...Zhu Xinlian,a village doctor in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,has received a significant salary raise：earning 70,000 yuan（$10,606）in 2015 after earning less than 5,000yuan（$758）a year in the late 2000’s.Graduating from Ningxia Medical School in 1996,Zhu has witnessed the dramatic change of the village clinic in the past years.展开更多
文摘Excessive MSW （municipal solid waste） production is a growing management problem for cities in developing countries, such as South Africa. A major problem in the city of Tshwane is that all the MSW generated in the city is currently being landfilled with very little recycling initiatives. Selective waste collection and sorting waste fractions out of the waste stream have become a popular survival strategy for the economically excluded population in Tshwane. Reclaimers （waste pickers） work under severe and chronic occupational health and injury risk on landfill sites. The middlemen who purchase their recovered materials exploit and marginalize them. Environmental and social awareness is however a growing issue in South Africa. The study was conducted with the aim of investigating and proposing community recycling programs and technologies to be sustainably implemented in the city of Tshwane. Successful established community recycling programs in Brazil was investigated to verify its socioeconomic and environmental impacts in a sustainable waste management perspective. Community recycling initiatives have been increasingly used as a strategy to address both the MSW problem and urban poverty in Brazil. The study focused on the city of Tshwane, but it can be argued that the findings can be implemented in any other South African municipality and in other emerging countries in Africa.
文摘Zhu Xinlian,a village doctor in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,has received a significant salary raise：earning 70,000 yuan（$10,606）in 2015 after earning less than 5,000yuan（$758）a year in the late 2000’s.Graduating from Ningxia Medical School in 1996,Zhu has witnessed the dramatic change of the village clinic in the past years.
