Ultrasound was applied for the extraction of pectin from chaenomeles. The content of pectin was evaluated by carbazole colorimetric method. Based on the results of the single factor experiment and the orthogonal tests...Ultrasound was applied for the extraction of pectin from chaenomeles. The content of pectin was evaluated by carbazole colorimetric method. Based on the results of the single factor experiment and the orthogonal tests, the optimum extraction parameters are as follows: the solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:4 g/m L, the ultrasonic power is 320 W, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction temperature is 60 °C, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction time is 50 min, and p H value is 2.0. Compared with acid hydrolyze methods, the extraction time of the present technique decreases from 70 min to 50 min, and the extraction yield increases from 1.39% to 2.61%. The results show that ultrasonic-assisted extraction is time-saving and highly efficient, so it provides a new way to extract pectin from chaenomeles.展开更多
The vector autoregressive （VAR） model is established with the wind velocity data from four wind observations, which are established on the Sutong Bridge reach of the Changjiang River and in Changshu, Haimen and Nant...The vector autoregressive （VAR） model is established with the wind velocity data from four wind observations, which are established on the Sutong Bridge reach of the Changjiang River and in Changshu, Haimen and Nantong meteorological observation stations. Based on the VAR model, the result of Granger causality test indicated that there is Granger causality between most of the variables. Consequently the missing wind velocity values of Sutong bridge are estimated with the condition of the wind velocity data from the other three observatories, and the result of the conditional estimation is comparatively perfect.展开更多
Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chimpanzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for tool tasks by laboratory chimpanzees. T...Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chimpanzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for tool tasks by laboratory chimpanzees. The present set of experiments tested nine enculturated chimpanzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli （2000）, during which food re- wards were presented in different experimental configurations. In Experiment 1, stimulus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right comer or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a comer, with the second pair comprised of a cloth with food on the upper right comer, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experiment 1. In a second study, the experimental choices included one of two possi- ble correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containment. All nine chimpanzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experiment 3, four unique conditions were presented, combining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group performance on individual conditions was also significant. Superior performance was demonstrated by female subjects in Experiment 3, similar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chimpanzees and some tool tasks in captive chimpanzees. The present results for Experiments 2 ＆ 3 were significantly differed from those reported by Povinelli et al. （2000） for laboratory-born, peer-reared chimpanzees. One contribution towards the dramatic differences between the two study populations may be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chimpanzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturation, rich social interactions with humans and conspecifics, as well as active exploration of artifacts, materials, and other aspects of their physical environment had a significant impact on the animals＇ ability to recognize the support relationships among the stimulus choices. Overall, the present findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that our chimpanzee subjects based their responses on an understanding of functional support which represented one facet of their folk physics repertoire [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 429-440, 2011].展开更多
基金Project(2011ZK3171) supported by Hunan Provincial Science & Technology Department,China
文摘Ultrasound was applied for the extraction of pectin from chaenomeles. The content of pectin was evaluated by carbazole colorimetric method. Based on the results of the single factor experiment and the orthogonal tests, the optimum extraction parameters are as follows: the solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:4 g/m L, the ultrasonic power is 320 W, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction temperature is 60 °C, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction time is 50 min, and p H value is 2.0. Compared with acid hydrolyze methods, the extraction time of the present technique decreases from 70 min to 50 min, and the extraction yield increases from 1.39% to 2.61%. The results show that ultrasonic-assisted extraction is time-saving and highly efficient, so it provides a new way to extract pectin from chaenomeles.
文摘The vector autoregressive （VAR） model is established with the wind velocity data from four wind observations, which are established on the Sutong Bridge reach of the Changjiang River and in Changshu, Haimen and Nantong meteorological observation stations. Based on the VAR model, the result of Granger causality test indicated that there is Granger causality between most of the variables. Consequently the missing wind velocity values of Sutong bridge are estimated with the condition of the wind velocity data from the other three observatories, and the result of the conditional estimation is comparatively perfect.
文摘Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chimpanzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for tool tasks by laboratory chimpanzees. The present set of experiments tested nine enculturated chimpanzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli （2000）, during which food re- wards were presented in different experimental configurations. In Experiment 1, stimulus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right comer or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a comer, with the second pair comprised of a cloth with food on the upper right comer, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experiment 1. In a second study, the experimental choices included one of two possi- ble correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containment. All nine chimpanzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experiment 3, four unique conditions were presented, combining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group performance on individual conditions was also significant. Superior performance was demonstrated by female subjects in Experiment 3, similar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chimpanzees and some tool tasks in captive chimpanzees. The present results for Experiments 2 ＆ 3 were significantly differed from those reported by Povinelli et al. （2000） for laboratory-born, peer-reared chimpanzees. One contribution towards the dramatic differences between the two study populations may be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chimpanzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturation, rich social interactions with humans and conspecifics, as well as active exploration of artifacts, materials, and other aspects of their physical environment had a significant impact on the animals＇ ability to recognize the support relationships among the stimulus choices. Overall, the present findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that our chimpanzee subjects based their responses on an understanding of functional support which represented one facet of their folk physics repertoire [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 429-440, 2011].
