Our main focus in this paper is to try to show Rorty＇s point of departure from mainstream pragmatist treatment of epistemology. In his pragmatic approach to epistemology, Rorty urges that a good pragmatist should aba...Our main focus in this paper is to try to show Rorty＇s point of departure from mainstream pragmatist treatment of epistemology. In his pragmatic approach to epistemology, Rorty urges that a good pragmatist should abandon epistemology as a foundational and rational discipline and instead opt for conversation, the view that knowledge is an expression of judgment of a historically conditioned social group） According to Rorty, the view that we should disentangle ourselves from rigid canons of epistemology is the quest of classical pragmatism traceable to the writings of William James and John Dewey. On this showing, Rorty argues that conversationalism is consistent with mainstream or original pragmatism. Contrary to Rorty＇s claim we try to show, in the following pages, that his pragmatic approach to epistemology is a deviation from mainstream pragmatism. We establish that mainstream or classical pragmatists do not repudiate epistemology.展开更多
This study critically evaluates the communication strategies used in the campaign for social mobilization for the National Programme on Immunization in Nigeria. Its objective is to determine the communication factors ...This study critically evaluates the communication strategies used in the campaign for social mobilization for the National Programme on Immunization in Nigeria. Its objective is to determine the communication factors that contributed to the participation of individuals and groups in the programme at the federal, state, and local government levels. Fifty four subjects, consisting of five policy and decision makers in health, information, and education sectors, five community leaders, 15 media personnel, 15 state health officials, 20 LGA officials, 12 representatives of non-governmental organizations, five opinion leaders, seven clinic staff, six state health officials, and eight mothers were purposively selected from the federal level and two states; Imo and Kano states of Nigeria. Methodology used for data collection includes individual and group interviews and critical evaluation instruments. Findings show that the mass campaign strategy proved to be the most effective strategy for reaching both rural and urban dwellers and specific groups with immunization messages. The alliance between the health workers and community leaders, social groups, NGOs and the information education sectors, had a multiplier effect on the campaign and helped to create feelings of solidarity. The ubiquitous channels of traditional and religious leaders and youth groups helped to spread immunization messages and gain support for the programme. Women and women groups were adequately involved at the federal level and in Imo State, a Christian state in the South-East. This was not the case in Kano State, a Muslim state in the north due to sociocuitural factors. The sustainability of the programme lies in more integration, more intersectoral collaboration, more institutionalization, more quality verification, more decentralization, greater local political commitment, and a multistrategic approach to campaign planning and implementation.展开更多
Mereology （from the Greek μεpoζ） is the branch of ontology which studies the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole. The roots of mereology can be traced back to the earliest ...Mereology （from the Greek μεpoζ） is the branch of ontology which studies the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole. The roots of mereology can be traced back to the earliest ancient Greek philosophers （the Presocratics）, Plato, and Aristotle. The mereological approach of the Stoic philosophers in the 1 Roman Empire, however, has been neglected. In this paper, the author offers a sketch of how the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius Antoninus used mereology in the collection of brief, occasionally cryptic memoranda and self-exhortations which tradition has dubbed the Meditations. The thesis is that Marcus＇ account of parts and wholes is such a prevalent theme throughout this work because mereological analyses provide him an understanding of what he is, what the cosmos is and how it works, and the purposes of all rational beings, both as agents in the social community and as citizens of the state. That is, the conceptual power and explanatory flexibility of mereology enable Marcus to reason to conclusions about ontology, the nature of a human person, ethical ideals, and a political worldview. As a consequence, a good grasp of Marcus＇ mereology provides a clear and detailed overview of a wide swath of the philosophical terrain in his Meditations.展开更多
Accounting is an important part of economic management, it is not only charged with the unit, the economic management responsibility of the department, but also bears a certain degree of social responsibility, account...Accounting is an important part of economic management, it is not only charged with the unit, the economic management responsibility of the department, but also bears a certain degree of social responsibility, accounting personnel provide true accounting information is an important manifestation of shouldering social responsibility to the community group. In this paper, from the aspect of social responsibility to produce and develop the theoretical basis of accounting and social responsibility accounting reasons, concepts, elements, objectives, basic assumptions, recognition and measurement, information disclosure to introduce the current situation of social responsibility accounting.展开更多
Social stability in group-living animals is an emergent property which arises from the interaction amongst multiple behavioral networks. However, pinpointing when a social group is at risk of collapse is difficult. We...Social stability in group-living animals is an emergent property which arises from the interaction amongst multiple behavioral networks. However, pinpointing when a social group is at risk of collapse is difficult. We used a joint network model- ing approach to examine the interdependencies between two behavioral networks, aggression and status signaling, from four sta- ble and three unstable groups of rhesus macaques in order to identify characteristic patterns of network interdependence in stable groups that are readily distinguishable from unstable groups. Our results showed that the most prominent source of aggres- sion-status network interdependence in stable social groups came from more frequent dyads than expected with opposite direc- tion status-aggression （i.e. A threatens B and B signals acceptance of subordinate status）. In contrast, unstable groups showed a decrease in opposite direction aggression-status dyads （but remained higher than expected） as well as more frequent than ex- pected dyads with bidirectional aggression. These results demonstrate that not only was the stable joint relationship between ag- gression and status networks readily distinguishable from unstable time points, social instability manifested in at least two differ- ent ways. In sum, our joint modeling approach may prove useful in quantifying and monitoring the complex social dynamics of any wild or captive social system, as all social systems are composed of multiple interconnected networks [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 70-84, 2015].展开更多
文摘Our main focus in this paper is to try to show Rorty＇s point of departure from mainstream pragmatist treatment of epistemology. In his pragmatic approach to epistemology, Rorty urges that a good pragmatist should abandon epistemology as a foundational and rational discipline and instead opt for conversation, the view that knowledge is an expression of judgment of a historically conditioned social group） According to Rorty, the view that we should disentangle ourselves from rigid canons of epistemology is the quest of classical pragmatism traceable to the writings of William James and John Dewey. On this showing, Rorty argues that conversationalism is consistent with mainstream or original pragmatism. Contrary to Rorty＇s claim we try to show, in the following pages, that his pragmatic approach to epistemology is a deviation from mainstream pragmatism. We establish that mainstream or classical pragmatists do not repudiate epistemology.
文摘This study critically evaluates the communication strategies used in the campaign for social mobilization for the National Programme on Immunization in Nigeria. Its objective is to determine the communication factors that contributed to the participation of individuals and groups in the programme at the federal, state, and local government levels. Fifty four subjects, consisting of five policy and decision makers in health, information, and education sectors, five community leaders, 15 media personnel, 15 state health officials, 20 LGA officials, 12 representatives of non-governmental organizations, five opinion leaders, seven clinic staff, six state health officials, and eight mothers were purposively selected from the federal level and two states; Imo and Kano states of Nigeria. Methodology used for data collection includes individual and group interviews and critical evaluation instruments. Findings show that the mass campaign strategy proved to be the most effective strategy for reaching both rural and urban dwellers and specific groups with immunization messages. The alliance between the health workers and community leaders, social groups, NGOs and the information education sectors, had a multiplier effect on the campaign and helped to create feelings of solidarity. The ubiquitous channels of traditional and religious leaders and youth groups helped to spread immunization messages and gain support for the programme. Women and women groups were adequately involved at the federal level and in Imo State, a Christian state in the South-East. This was not the case in Kano State, a Muslim state in the north due to sociocuitural factors. The sustainability of the programme lies in more integration, more intersectoral collaboration, more institutionalization, more quality verification, more decentralization, greater local political commitment, and a multistrategic approach to campaign planning and implementation.
文摘Mereology （from the Greek μεpoζ） is the branch of ontology which studies the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole. The roots of mereology can be traced back to the earliest ancient Greek philosophers （the Presocratics）, Plato, and Aristotle. The mereological approach of the Stoic philosophers in the 1 Roman Empire, however, has been neglected. In this paper, the author offers a sketch of how the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius Antoninus used mereology in the collection of brief, occasionally cryptic memoranda and self-exhortations which tradition has dubbed the Meditations. The thesis is that Marcus＇ account of parts and wholes is such a prevalent theme throughout this work because mereological analyses provide him an understanding of what he is, what the cosmos is and how it works, and the purposes of all rational beings, both as agents in the social community and as citizens of the state. That is, the conceptual power and explanatory flexibility of mereology enable Marcus to reason to conclusions about ontology, the nature of a human person, ethical ideals, and a political worldview. As a consequence, a good grasp of Marcus＇ mereology provides a clear and detailed overview of a wide swath of the philosophical terrain in his Meditations.
文摘Accounting is an important part of economic management, it is not only charged with the unit, the economic management responsibility of the department, but also bears a certain degree of social responsibility, accounting personnel provide true accounting information is an important manifestation of shouldering social responsibility to the community group. In this paper, from the aspect of social responsibility to produce and develop the theoretical basis of accounting and social responsibility accounting reasons, concepts, elements, objectives, basic assumptions, recognition and measurement, information disclosure to introduce the current situation of social responsibility accounting.
文摘Social stability in group-living animals is an emergent property which arises from the interaction amongst multiple behavioral networks. However, pinpointing when a social group is at risk of collapse is difficult. We used a joint network model- ing approach to examine the interdependencies between two behavioral networks, aggression and status signaling, from four sta- ble and three unstable groups of rhesus macaques in order to identify characteristic patterns of network interdependence in stable groups that are readily distinguishable from unstable groups. Our results showed that the most prominent source of aggres- sion-status network interdependence in stable social groups came from more frequent dyads than expected with opposite direc- tion status-aggression （i.e. A threatens B and B signals acceptance of subordinate status）. In contrast, unstable groups showed a decrease in opposite direction aggression-status dyads （but remained higher than expected） as well as more frequent than ex- pected dyads with bidirectional aggression. These results demonstrate that not only was the stable joint relationship between ag- gression and status networks readily distinguishable from unstable time points, social instability manifested in at least two differ- ent ways. In sum, our joint modeling approach may prove useful in quantifying and monitoring the complex social dynamics of any wild or captive social system, as all social systems are composed of multiple interconnected networks [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 70-84, 2015].
