复垦模式对矿区土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳、氮分布的影响

为研究不同复垦模式对矿区土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳、氮分布的影响,以平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿3 a荞麦复垦、3 a苜蓿复垦为研究对象,以3 a自然恢复地为对照,分别采集3种模式下表层0~20 cm土样,测定机械稳定性团聚体、水稳性团聚体含量及其有机碳、氮含量,并进行相关指标分析。结果表明,随着团聚体粒径的减小,荞麦复垦与自然恢复地下的土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量均呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,且主要集中在>1~2、>0.25~1.00、≤0.25 mm粒径内,其中,>2 mm粒径中机械稳定性团聚体含量表现为苜蓿复垦显著高于荞麦复垦和自然恢复地,>0.25~1.00 mm粒径中苜蓿复垦显著低于荞麦复垦和自然恢复地,≤0.25 mm粒径中各复垦模式间无显著性差异;土壤水稳性团聚体主要集中于≤0.25 mm微团聚体内,而苜蓿复垦显著提高了>0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量,其中,苜蓿复垦下>2 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量达23.77%,比荞麦复垦与自然恢复地分别高出13.37%和14.12%;土壤团聚体稳定性从大到小表现为苜蓿复垦>荞麦复垦>自然恢复地。团聚体有机碳、氮含量主要集中于>0.25 mm粒径内,其中,苜蓿复垦下>0.25~1.00 mm粒径的团聚体有机碳、氮含量分别达到最大值7.66、1.35 g/kg,各处理团聚体碳氮储量均以>0.25 mm大团聚体为主;植物复垦提高了>0.25 mm土壤团聚体C/N值,降低了≤0.25 mm粒径团聚体C/N值。植物复垦能够提高>0.25 mm粒径机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量,增强团聚体的稳定性,并且可提高土壤团聚体有机碳、氮含量;苜蓿效果优于荞麦,其可作为矿区复垦优选植被。

黄土高原植被恢复提高大于0.25mm粒级水稳性团聚体在土壤增碳中的作用

本研究选择陕北黄土高原绥德、吴旗、宜川3个地区,调查分析了不同植被恢复类型(草、灌、乔)下0—5cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布及其有机碳含量的变化。结果表明:不同植被恢复类型均显著提高了>2 mm和2～0.25 mm两个粒级的水稳性团聚体及其有机碳(SOC)的含量,但不同植被恢复类型的作用在3个地区有所不同。与农地相比,在绥德,油松和柠条分别使>2 mm和2～0.25 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量提高了99%～153%和219%～350%,但苜蓿没有明显作用;在吴旗,苜蓿和沙棘分别使>2 mm和2～0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中SOC含量提高了28%～30%和85%～130%,而刺槐对>2 mm水稳性团聚体没有作用,而使2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体SOC含量提高了210%;在宜川,白草、羊胡草、狼牙刺和油松使>2 mm和2～0.25 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量提高了405%～932%和724%～1130%。植被恢复土壤增碳主要是提高了2～0.25 mm和>2 mm两个粒级的水稳性团聚体中SOC的含量,提高值分别为514%和470%,占土壤有机碳库增量的49%和43%,而对其它粒级水稳性团聚体中SOC含量的贡献小于16%。以上研究结果说明,植被恢复稳定土层结构、促进土壤水稳性大团聚体中SOC的形成,可能在黄土丘陵侵蚀景观土壤固碳过程中起重要作用。

Effects of Tillage Practices and Land Use Management on Soil Aggregates and Soil Organic Carbon in the North Appalachian Region,USA

Promoting soil carbon sequestration in agricultural land is one of the viable strategies to decelerate the observed climate changes. However, soil physical disturbances have aggravated the soil degradation process by accelerating erosion. Thus, reducing the magnitude and intensity of soil physical disturbance through appropriate farming/agricultural systems is essential to management of soil carbon sink capacity of agricultural lands. Four sites of different land use types/tillage practices, i） no-till （NT） corn （Zea mays L.） （NTC）, ii） conventional till （CT） corn （CTC）, iii） pastureland （PL）, and iv） native forest （NF）, were selected at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed Station, Ohio, USA to assess the impact of NT farming on soil aggregate indices including water-stable aggregation, mean weight diameter （MWD） and geometric mean diameter （GMD）, and soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents. The NTC plots received cow manure additions （about 15 t ha-1） every other year. The CTC plots involved disking and chisel ploughing and liquid fertilizer application （110 L ha-l）. The results showed that both water-stable aggregation and MWD were greater in soil for NTC than for CTC. In the 0-10 cm soil layer, the 〉 4.75-mm size fraction dominated NTC and was 46% more than that for CTC, whereas the 〈 0.25-mm size fraction was 380% more for CTC than for NTC. The values of both MWD and GMD in soil for NTC （2.17 mm and 1.19 mm, respectively） were higher than those for CTC （1.47 and 0.72 mm, respectively） in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Macroaggregates contained 6%-42% and 13%-43% higher organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, respectively, than microaggregates in soil for all sites. Macroaggregates in soil for NTC contained 40% more organic carbon and total nitrogen over microaggregates in soil for CTC. Therefore, a higher proportion of microaggregates with lower organic carbon contents created a carbon-depleted environment for CTC. In contrast, soil for NTC had more aggregation and contained higher organic carbon content within water-stable aggregates. The soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks （Mg ha-1） among the different sites followed the trend of NF 〉 PL 〉 NTC 〉 CTC, being 35%-46% more for NTC over CTC. The NT practice enhanced soil organic carbon content over the CT practice and thus was an important strategy of carbon sequestration in cropland soils.

Spatial Prediction of Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate-Associated Organic Carbon Content at the Catchment Scale Using Geostatistical Techniques

The association of organic carbon with secondary particles （aggregates） results in its storage and retention in soil. A study was carried out at a catchment covering about 92 km2 to predict spatial variability of soil water-stable aggregates （WSA）, mean weight diameter （MWD） of aggregates and organic carbon （OC） content in macro.- （〉 2 mm）, meso- （1-2 mm）, and micro-aggregate （〈 1 mm） fractions, using geostatistical methods. One hundred and eleven soil samples were eSlleeted at the 0 10cm depth and fractionated into macro-, meso-, and mlcro-aggregates by wet sieving. The OC content was determined for each fraction. A greater percentage of water-stable aggregates was found for micro-aggregates, followed by meso-aggregates. Aggregate OC content was greatest in meso-aggregates （9 g kg-1）, followed by micro-aggregates （7 g kg-1）, while the least OC content was found in macro-aggregates （3 g kg-1）. Although a significant effect （P = 0.000） of aggregate size on aggregate OC content was found, however, our findings did not support the model of aggregate hierarchy. Land use had a significant effect （P = 0.073） on aggregate OC content. The coefficients of variation （CVs） for OC contents associated with each aggregate fraction indicated macro-aggregates as the most variable （CV = 71%）. Among the aggregate fractions, the micro-aggregate fraction had a lower CV value of 27%. macro-aggregates to 84% for micro-aggregates. Geostatistical analysis differences in their spatial patterns in both magnitude and space at variance for most aggregate-associated properties was lower than 45%. The mean content of WSA ranged from 15% for showed that the measured soil variables exhibited each aggregate size fraction. The relative nugget The range value for the variogram of water-stable aggregates was almost similar （about 3 km） for the three studied aggregate size classes. The range value for the variogram of aggregate-associated OC contents ranged from about 3 km for macro-aggregates to about 6.5 km for meso-aggregates. Kriged maps of predicted WSA, OC and MWD for the three studied aggregate size fractions showed clear spatial patterns. However, a close spatial similarity （co-regionalization） was observed between WSA and MWD.

Impact of Land Use and Soil Fertility on Distributions of Soil Aggregate Fractions and Some Nutrients

The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C,N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard,upland,paddy,and grassland soils with high,medium,and low fertility levels.The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%,respectively,less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil.Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses.However,the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses.Soil organic C,N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones.The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C,N and P.For orchard and grassland soils,the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients,while for upland soil,the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients.Therefore,the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure.The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients.Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil.