论精方与围方

纵观古今临床处方,基本可分为两类:药味少之小方与药味多之大方。处方药味的多寡与医生个人用药习惯有一定关系,然主要取决于其各自功效及所针对病证。本文将药少之小方称为精方,药多之大方称之为围方,并就二者特点及适用范围进行论述,以期为临床合理应用提供有益指导。

中药围方配合化疗治疗结直肠癌的思路与方法探讨

结直肠癌的发生早中期与脾胃关系密切,后期波及于肾,导致五脏虚损。肿瘤属性分为热证、寒证两类,其病理因素涉寒湿、痰火、瘀毒等,具有复杂的病机及证候特点。化疗是结直肠癌的主要治疗手段,化疗方案的选择与肿瘤的寒热属性密切相关。围方具有多脏腑、多靶点效应,根据寒热虚实,在把握主证的前提下,结合结直肠癌的病机及证候特点,将中药围方制成水丸与化疗相结合,相辅相成,贯穿化疗全程。治疗效应,一方面,增强化疗的效果,另一方面减轻化疗的毒副反应及化疗后并发症的发生,从而降低结直肠癌复发及转移的机会,延长生存期,同时提高患者的生活质量。

直方图在零件加工精度分析中的应用

从理论上,可用正态分布曲线观察零件的加工精度。但实际中计算正态分布的概率密度是一件不容易的事,故用直方图代替正态分布曲线观察零件的加工精度和工序能力。

诸病缠绵 入络累脏 皆属于慢——仝小林教授“慢病补法”经验总结

慢病的关注重点不仅体现在疾病发病、进展、病程本身,还体现在治疗显效、延缓进程、防治并发症方面。仝小林教授根据慢病特点提出"诸病缠绵,入络累脏,皆属于慢"的病因病机特点。认为慢病中医病机有多虚、多痼、多变三大特征,宜早期通络,全程通络。治疗使用"围方"缓补,剂型采用丸散膏丹,长期守法守方治疗。

Gastric carcinogenesis

Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite complete resection of gastric cancer and lymph node dissection, as well as improvements in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, there are still 700 000 gastric cancer-related deaths per year worldwide and more than 80% of patients with advanced gastric cancer die of the disease or recurrent disease within 1 year after diagnosis. None of the treatment modalities we have been applying today can influence the overall survival rates:at present, the overall 5-year relative survival rate for gastric cancer is about 28%. Cellular metaplasia due to chronic inflammation, injury and repair are the most documented processes for neoplasia. It appears that chronic inflammation stimulates tumor development and plays a critical role in initiating, sustaining and advancing tumor growth. It is also evident that not all inflammation is tumorigenic. Additional mutations can be acquired, and this leads to the cancer cell gaining a further growth advantage and acquiring a more malignant phenotype. Intestinalization of gastric units, which is called "intestinal metaplasia"; phenotypic antralization of fundic units, which is called "spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia"; and the development directly from the stem/progenitor cellzone are three pathways that have been described for gastric carcinogenesis. Also, an important factor for the development of gastrointestinal cancers is peritumoral stroma. However, the initiating cellular event in gastric metaplasia is still controversial. Understanding gastric carcinogenesis and its precursor lesions has been under intense investigation, and our paper attempts to highlight recent progress in this field of cancer research.

Thermodynamic Consistency Test for Binary Gas ＋ Water Equilibrium Data at Low and High Pressures

Phase equilibrium in binary gas + water mixtures over wide ranges of temperatures and pressures are modeled and tested for thermodynamic consistency. For modeling, the Peng-Robinson equation of state was used and the Wong-Sandler mixing rules were incorporated into the equation of state parameters. In the Wong-Sandler mixing rules the van Laar model for the excess Gibbs energy was applied. In addition, a reasonable and flexible method is applied to test the thermodynamic consistency of pressure-temperature-concentration(P-T-x) data of these binary mixtures.Modeling is found acceptable in all cases, meaning that deviations in correlating the pressure and the gas phase concentration are low. For all cases the thermodynamic consistency method gives a clear conclusion about consistency or inconsistency of a set of experimental P-T-x data.

Chinese word segmentation with local and global context representation learning

A local and global context representation learning model for Chinese characters is designed and a Chinese word segmentation method based on character representations is proposed in this paper. First, the proposed Chinese character learning model uses the semanties of loeal context and global context to learn the representation of Chinese characters. Then, Chinese word segmentation model is built by a neural network, while the segmentation model is trained with the eharaeter representations as its input features. Finally, experimental results show that Chinese charaeter representations can effectively learn the semantic information. Characters with similar semantics cluster together in the visualize space. Moreover, the proposed Chinese word segmentation model also achieves a pretty good improvement on precision, recall and f-measure.

Study of dynamic pressure roadway supporting scheme under condi- tion of thick composite roof

This paper analyzed the strata behaviors of solid-coal roadway, gob-side entry driving and deformation law of surrounding rock in depth under high stress and thick composite roof based on the dynamic pressure roadway as engineering background in Fengcheng mining area, Jiangxi province. The results, both field measurement and numerical simulation show that gob-side entry driving results the deformation of coal roadway main wall, however, entity-coal roadway driving results deformation of main roof and floor. The maintenance state of gob-side entry driving is better than entity-coal roadway, this situation is relevant to thick composite roof layered and easy collapse characteristics. At the same time, this paper put fox＇ward and proved proper dynamic pressure roadway supporting scheme under the surrounding rock condition and stress environment.

Test of Normality of Waist Measurement Data of Young Male and Female Adults based on the Quantile - Quantile Plot

This paper investigates the normality of some real data set obtained from waist measurements of a group of 49 young adults. The quantile - quantile （Q-Q） plot and the analysis of correlation coefficients for the Q-Q plot is used to determine the normality or otherwise of the data set. In this regards, the probabilities of the quantiles were computed, modified and plotted. Thereafter the correlation coefficients for the quantile - quantile plots were obtained. Results indicate that at 0.1 level of significance, the data for young adult males of the sample were not normally distributed, and had a mean value that is within the range of low risk, healthwise, whereas the distribution of the data for young female adults showed reasonable normality, but also with a mean value that is within the range of low risk in terms of health condition.

On the Generation of Davidson＇s Theory of Meaning

Established on the framework of Frege＇s philosophy of language, with the help of Tarlski in the development on the innovation oftheory of truth （including methodology level）, Davidson explained the concept of meaning in the process of language Ibrmation with the interpretation and characterization of＂the formalization of axis＂ which was Developing from ＂t refers to x＂ to ＂s means m ＂, then to＂ s means that p＂, then to ＂ （T） s is T if and only ifp＂. After a series of ideas conversion on the restructuring and improvement, Davidson finally created an innovative view of meaning on the holistic level. In order to realize the meaning of language itself as the axis, with Tarski＇s theory of truth as the transmission fulcrum, with natural language translation and interpretation as the actual operation range, he has run the theory of meaning as the understanding, interpretation and action picture of people dealing with events arranged in a crisscross pattern world.

Grassland Degradation and Its Control in Region AroundQinghai Lake

A quite severe degradation was found in all seven types of grasslands in the study area involving 12counties of the northwestern Qinghai Province. The slightly, moderately and severely degraded grasslandsoccupied 49.7%, 32.0% and 18.3% of the area respectively. The major factors resulting in the degradationwere overgrazing, the damages from mice and grasshopper and blown sands, and improper use of grasslands.The measures to deal with these problems should be: 1) to make livestock development in accordancewith grassland carrying capacity for animals; 2) to build more artificial grasslands with a stable and highergraas yield; 3) to put more widely the rotation grazing system into practice; 4) to clear up the poisonousgrass species; and 5) to adopt more effective measures to deal with the damages to grasslands by mice andgrasshoppers.

Reliability analysis of tunnel surrounding rock stability by Monte-Carlo method

Discussed advantages of improved Monte-Carlo method and feasibility about proposed approach applying in reliability analysis for tunnel surrounding rock stability.On the basis of deterministic parsing for tunnel surrounding rock,reliability computing method of surrounding rock stability was derived from improved Monte-Carlo method.The com- puting method considered random of related parameters,and therefore satisfies relativity among parameters.The proposed method can reasonably determine reliability of sur- rounding rock stability.Calculation results show that this method is a scientific method in discriminating and checking surrounding rock stability.

Deformation tests and failure process analysis of an anchorage structure

In order to study the failure process of an anchorage structure and the evolution law of the body＇s defor- mation field, anchor push-out tests were carried out based on digital speckle correlation methods （DSCM）. The stress distribution of the anchorage interface was investigated using the particle flow numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there are three stages in the deformation and fail- ure process of an anchorage structure： elastic bonding stage, a de-bonding stage and a failure stage. The stress distribution in the interface controls the stability of the structure. In the elastic bonding stage, the shear stress peak point of the interface is close to the loading end, and the displacement field gradually develops into a ＂V＂ shape, in the de-bonding stage, there is a shear stress plateau in the center of the anchorage section, and shear strain localization begins to form in the deformation field. In the failure stage, the bonding of the interface fails rapidly and the shear stress peak point moves to the anchorage free end. The anchorage structure moves integrally along the macro-cracl~ The de-bonding stage is a research focus in the deformation and failure process of an anchorage structure, and plays an important guiding role in roadway support design and prediction of the stability of the surrounding rock.

仝小林因方施量策略探讨

仝小林根据多年临床观察和实验研究,形成了系统的用量策略,其中因方施量乃是整体用量策略之一。因方施量策略具体包括根据制方大小决定用量和根据处方剂型决定用量,并由此提出了精方与围方的概念。因方施量策略总体而言:以制方大小而论,精方用量偏大,围方用量平和;以处方剂型而论,汤剂用量最大,煮散用量相当于汤剂的1/2～1/3,丸、散(服散)、膏、丹剂型的用量相当于汤剂的1/10。制方大小与处方剂型既有联系又有区别,二者共同决定着处方的合理用量。

Determination and Correlation of Solubility for D-Xylose in Volatile Fatty Acid Solvents

The solubility of D-xylose in formic acid and binary solvents of formic acid with formic acid and acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid or isobutyric acid was measured in the temperature range from 300.35 to 325.05 K using the synthetic method by a laser monitoring technique at atmospheric pressure. The solid-liquid equilibrium data will provide essential support for industrial design and further theoretical study. The experimental data show that the solubility of D-xylose in formic acid and in the mixtures of formic acid + acetic acid(1︰1), formic acid + propionic acid(1︰1), formic acid + n-butyric acid(1︰1), and formic acid + isobutyric acid(1︰1) increases with temperature. The Apelblat equation, the λh model, and the ideal solution equation correlate the solubility data well.

Land Use and Soil Organic Carbon in China’s Village Landscapes

Village landscapes, which integrate small-scMe agriculture with housing, forestry, and a host of other land use practices, cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales （≤ 30 m）, with managers both adapting their practices to existing variation in soils and terrain （e.g., fertile plains vs. infertile slopes） and also altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrigation, fertilizing, and other land use practices. Relationships between fine-scale land management patterns and soil organic carbon （SOC） in the top 30 cm of village soils were studied by sampling soils within fine-scale landscape features using a regionally weighted landscape sampling design across five environmentally distinct sites in China. SOC stocks across China＇s village regions （5 Pg C in the top 30 cm of 2 ×10^6 km^2） represent roughly 4% of the total SOC stocks in global croplands. Although macroclimate varied from temperate to tropical in this study, SOC density did not vary significantly with climate, though it was negatively correlated with regional mean elevation. The highest SOC densities within landscapes were found in agricultural lands, especially paddy, the lowest SOC densities were found in nonproductive lands, and forest lands tended toward moderate SOC densities. Bue to the high SOC densities of agricultural lands and their predominance in village landscapes, most village SOC was found in agricultural land, except in the tropical hilly region, where forestry accounted for about 45% of the SOC stocks. A surprisingly large portion of village SOC was associated with built structures and with the disturbed lands surrounding these structures, ranging from 〉 18% in the North China Plain to about 9% in the tropical hilly region. These results confirmed that local land use practices, combined with local and regional variation in terrain, were associated with most of the SOC variation within and across China＇s village landscapes and may be an important cause of regional variation in SOC.

Ethnic disparities: Genetics vs(social) environment

To define "ethnicity" in the context of perinatal care is a tough job. The word makes us think: "racial, social, cultural, national…". An ethnic group is generally considered a group of people with a common history, usually(but not always) a common religion and language, sharing aspects of culture such as nutrition and traditions concerning pregnancy, childbirth, the way they care for children. As procreation occurs mostly ingroup, every ethnic group will demonstrate a higher prevalence of, more or less well-known, genes and their connected diseases. For some populations, such as Ashkenazi Jewish people, the prevalence and associated risks of these autosomal diseases are well known, as in the case of "Jewish genetic disease", and specific screening programs are available.

A fast-track diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for acute pulmonary embolism patients at peri-operational period

Acute pulmonary embolism(APE) in operation room is a constant,lethal but treatable disease.A fast determination of APE in an operation room is currently difficult due to a non-specificity on its signs,symptoms,electrocardiograph findings,arterial blood gas abnormalities and chest X-rays.Clinically,an APE can automatically originate from a small and clinically asymptomatic embolus to massive,proximal emboli with shock during a scheduled surgery period.An accurate,brief and prompt diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for APE in a peri-operation period is crucial for anesthesiologists to make a decision on an appropriate clinical intervention to improve patients' outcomes.The purpose of this mini-review article is to illuminate a fast-track diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for APE patients in a perioperative period through a hybrid of the high sensitive and high specific viable diagnostic modality of D-dimer assay in conjunction with necessary emergent pulmonary angiography(EPA),including digital subtraction angiography(DSA),or a spiral computed tomography angiography(sCTA) for APE patients' diagnosis and treatment during operation.The postulated fast-track diagnostic and therapeutic strategy can effectively confirm or exclude highly suspected APE and simultaneously provide fast therapeutic opportunities for APE patients at an operative period.

Interaction between anti-shear galleries and surrounding rock in the right-bank slope of Dagangshan hydropower station

The fight-bank slope of the Dagangshan hydropower station located in Southwest China is a highly unloaded rock slope. Moreover, large-scale natural faults were detected in the slope body; some excavation-induced unloading fractures were discovered at elevations between lo75m and 1146m. Because of poor tectonic stability, the excavation work was suspended in September 2009, and six large- scale anti-shear galleries were employed to replace the weak zone in the slope body to reinforce the fight- bank slope. In this study, based on microseismic- monitoring technology and a numerical-simulation method, the stabilities of the slope with and without the reinforcement are analysed. An in-situ microseismic-monitofing system is used to obtain quantitative information about the damage location, extent, energy, and magnitude of the rocks. Thus, any potential sliding block in the fight-bank slope can be identified. By incorporating the numerical results along with the microseismic-monitoring data, the stress concentration is found to largely occur aroundthe anti-shear galleries, and the seismic deformation near the anti-shear galleries is apparent, particularly at elevations of 121o, 118o, 115o, and 112om. To understand the interaction mechanism between the anti-shear gallery and the surrounding rock, a 2D simulation of the potential damage process occurring in an anti-shear gallery is performed. The numerical simulation helps in obtaining additional information about the stress distribution and failure-induced stress re-distribution in the vicinity of the anti-shear galleries that cannot be directly observed in the field. Finally, the potential sliding surface of the right-bank slope is numerically obtained, which generally agrees with the spatial distribution of the in-situ monitored microseismic events. The safety factor of the slope reinforced with the anti-shear gallery increases by approximately 36.2%. Both the numerical results and microseismic data show that the anti-shear galleries have a good reinforcement effect.