中国钢铁企业固体废弃物资源化处理模式及发展方向

文章分析了中国钢铁公司长远发展的建设观念与绿色节能的新特征,探究了钢铁公司从焦化、球团,到烧结、炼铁、炼钢与轧钢及匹配系统整个过程形成的固废类型与冶金性质,分析了不同类型固废加工模式。着重面向工程堆放与外销类固废材料,深度探究“含有害成分除尘灰解决方法”“危险固废材料处理”与“冶金渣高温转变和余热回收方法”的问题,由此创造性地阐述了钢铁公司固废材料大平台加工的整体技术改进路线,以期可以为以后中国钢铁公司固废材料得到“零排放”目的起到推动作用。

橡胶-粉煤灰基矿井底板裂隙注浆材料性能的试验研究

目前针对千米深井高水压、易突水等难题,提出了“疏水降压、注浆加固”矿井防治水技术,这要求注浆材料具有“高强度、强稳定、易流动、低成本”等性能。“高强度”可以通过添加纳米增强材料来达到;“强稳定”可以通过优选易固结、难分散原材料,调整拌和条件来实现;“稳流动”可以通过调整添加原料粒径,增加界面摩擦性来实现;“低成本”可以选用现存亟待处理的大规模工矿固废产物,辅以少量添加剂来实现。针对存在的上述问题,以注浆加固煤层底板为目标,以大规模利用工矿废弃物为方向,通过利用废弃轮胎橡胶颗粒、粉煤灰与黏土为主体材料,辅以少量外加剂,采用正交试验方法,对固废注浆充填材料的基础性能开展试验研究。分析了不同橡胶颗粒掺量与外加剂的影响,得出了其对注浆结石体的流动度、力学性能、矿井水环境下稳定性、抗渗性能与微观结构性能的影响。研究结果表明:当橡胶颗粒掺量为20%、粉煤灰掺量65%、黏土掺量15%,纳米二氧化硅掺量为固体粉料掺量的1%时,注浆浆体的流动度为293 mm,注浆结石体的28 d抗压强度为11.7 MPa,结石体的抗渗压力为0.8 MPa,所得试验结果能够满足现场注浆加固需求,对大规模底板裂隙注浆加固具有科学的参考价值,也对规模化利用固废产物提供了参考。

Multi-enzymes Production Studies in Single Tray Solid State Fermentation with Opened and Closed System

The robustness ofA. awamori and A. oryzae as enzyme producers is exploited in fungal fermentation on agricultural solid waste. High-level production of extracellular glucoamylase, protease, cellulase and xylanase has been achieved. Three different types of ＇waste＇ solids （wheat bran, soybean hulls and rapeseed meal） have been used in studies of solid state fermentation （SSF）. The enzymes could be produced in significant levels by continuously supplying oxygen （02） through the tray system known as ＂closed＂ and ＂opened＂ tray systems. A perforated tray system was developed in this study that permits direct access to 02. Testing the tray system with different perforated mesh aperture sizes in this study did not yield different results in growth performance of A. awamori and A. oryzae. A. awamori and A. oryzae can be very versatile in producing various enzymes with different substrates with different starch, protein, hemiceilulose and cellulose contents. These studies indicate that A. awamori is more suitable for the efficient production of multiple enzymes in the closed system including xylanase and cellulase, while the production of glucoamylase and protease is superior in the opened system. A. oryzae is more suitable for the efficient production of protease and cellulase in the closed system, while the production of protease is more favourable the opened system. A. awamori efficiently consumed starch in wheat bran medium and produced very high glucoamylase activity, and after that, the fungus efficiently produced other enzymes to degrade other complex nutrients such as protein, hemicellulose and cellulose. Meanwhile, A. oryzae efficiently consumed protein in rapeseed meal and produced very high protease activity. The ability of both filamentous fungi, to convert biomass through SSF bioconversion will have a great impact on food and agro-industry in every aspect of life from food and medicine to fuel.

A Methodology for Collection of Residential Construction Residue in Manaus

Civil construction is one of the largest consumers of raw materials and producers of waste, which has been causing environmental problems both through the extraction of raw materials and through building activity by generation of waste. Notwithstanding the need to find an optimum use for solid construction residue to try to solve or minimize this problem, there are no standards for the process of obtaining the CDR （construction and demolition residue）. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a method of collecting solid waste at the construction site that is easy and low-cost and thus can be applied throughout the construction industry. This collection method was designed to produce residue with the desired proprieties and obtain the best possible homogeneity. This method permitted to evaluate the factors generating construction residue more precisely.

Kinetic Parameter of Alfa-amylase and Glucoamylase Enzymatic Reaction on the Glucose Yield from Hydrolyzed Processes of Tapioca Solid Waste

The increasing of tapioca production nowadays effected the production of waste. The waste of tapioca industries consists of two kinds, which were liquid waste and solid waste. Further more, tapioca solid waste treatment was ineffective. Weather solid waste produced from the extraction process still contains high concentration of starch that can be used to produce high quality product, for example, bio ethanol or other alternative energy sources. Objective of these experimental work was utilizing solid waste of tapioca industries and looking for the exactly composition of n-amylase and gluco-amylase enzymes on the hydrolysis processes of the solid waste of tapioca. The exact composition from both enzymes can be expected to increase the yield of glucose. Variables of cx-amylase enzyme for this research were 0.3% （w/w） and 0.5% （w/w） with liquefaction time were 1 hour and 1.5 hours, and variables of glucoamylase enzyme were 0.3% （w/w） and 0.5% （w/w）. To achieve these goals, the experimental work was held in laboratory scale with batch process. Firstly, tapioca solid waste was pretreated at 90 ~C and added u-amylase enzyme for 1 hour and 1.5 hours （variable of liquefaction time）. Then, substrate was cooled down to 60 ~C added with proposed variables of glucoamylase enzyme, and was analysed 24 hours after added. This experiment showed the best ratio between a-amylase and glucoamylase enzymes 0.5%：0.5% with 1 hour of liquefaction time. The highest glucose reaches 8.468% and yields 0.892 （g glucose/g starch） with starch conversion of 59.94%. KM = 0.0468 g/mL and rmax = 0.311 g/mL·h,

Characterization of semi-coke generated by coal-based direct reduction process of siderite

Solid wastes derived from metallurgical industries pose a significant threat to environment. The utilization and disposal of these solid wastes are the major concern in the world. Semi-coke generated in coal-based direct reduction process of iron ore is a by-product and its suitable utilization is not available so far. In order to handle it properly, the characteristics of this by-product were comprehensively investigated. A series of analysis methods were used to demonstrate its mineral compositions, petrography and physico-chemical properties. The results reveal that the semi-coke has poor washability. The fixed carbon content of semi-coke reaches 76.11% and the gross calorific value is 28.10 MJ/kg, both of which are similar to those of traditional sinter coke breeze. Also, semi-coke ash possesses lower content of SiO2, Al2O3, S and higher content of CaO and MgO, which could improve the strength of sinter ore when partially substituting for coke breeze in sintering. Semi-coke features well-development porous structure and higher reaction activity, which predicts that the sintering speed could be elevated to some extent when employing it as a partial replacement of coke breeze, so the studies further suggest that the potential adverse effect of the high reactivity on sintering process could be weakened by adequately coarsening the semi-coke's particle size.