五凉国主与应用文体

"五凉"指十六国时期在河西地区建立的五个政权。五凉文学亦脱不了整个十六国文学的大背景,即应用文占了非常大的比重。应用文体在五凉时期呈现特殊情形,与同时代的东晋稍有不同,就下行文言,五凉国主偏好"书"、"令"等具有灵活性与权威性的特殊文体,其上行文的创作具备一定的艺术水准。在创作者双重身份影响下,致使两种应用文种类集一身,大概与十六国时期诸国间的政治关系和正统观念等因素有关。

“国主”与“家主”的异化与统一——再论戊戌政变后光绪帝与慈禧太后之关系

在中国古代皇权制社会,实现对"皇家"与"国家"的稳定治理始终是最高统治者着力追求的终极目标。但这种"家国同治"的传统模式却因清末慈禧太后与光绪帝的权力关系和家庭角色而不得不改为"家国分治"。光绪帝作为"国主"在实现变法图强的过程中侵犯到了作为"家主"的慈禧太后的利益,为维护"家主"权威,在基于"家庭伦理"所产生的"政治伦理"的逻辑关系下,慈禧太后凭借出色的政治能力收归皇权,通过训政的方式又恢复了"家国同治"的统治模式。由此可见,"家国分治"和"家国同治"的转化既与清廷的政治传统有着密切关系,也与时局的变化有着密切关系。透过戊戌政变后光绪帝与慈禧太后之间的微妙关系,可管窥清末"国主"与"家主"异化与统一的过程。

中国古代造纸技术的大一统性

造纸术是中国四大发明之一。早在西汉时期,人们就已经懂得了造纸的基本方法,经过后世的不断改进,技术越发成熟、精良。纸张的出现和改良,方便了读书人,有利于知识的传播,同时亦服务于统治政权,体现出中国古代手工业的大一统性。

道安大师“法依国主”论新探

在战乱频仍法事难立的艰难处境下,道安大师虽留恋乡土并对东晋王朝抱有疑惧,但仍然做出了南投襄阳的决定。道安大师关于"法依国主"的著名论断,正是在这一时代背景下做出的。道安大师之所以做出这一论断,乃是从国家抉择与戒律证成两方面为南投襄阳的决定做出合理性解释,其根本目的是"法事"得立。从政教关系角度而论,"法依国主"的论断确实有向东晋统治阶层寻求支持的含义,但究其根本则是主张佛教的发展应该以国家社会局势的和平稳定为基础。

全球化背景下的国家主权问题——大学生形势与政策教育的一项重要内容

全球化对传统的国家主权观念和主权行为产生了深刻影响,并对发展中国家的主权造成了严重威胁。在对大学生进行形势与政策教育时,要高度重视这一问题,教育学生在全面认识并积极参与全球化进程的同时。

Analysis of anthropogenic aluminum cycle in China

Anthropogenic aluminum cycle in China was analyzed by the aluminum flow diagram based on the life cycle of aluminum products. The whole anthropogenic aluminum cycle consists of four stages： alumina and aluminum production, fabrication and manufacture, use and reclamation. Based on the investigation on the 2003-2007 aluminum cycles in China, a number of changes can be found. For instance, resources self-support ratio （RSR） in alumina production dropped from 95.42%to 55.50%, while RSR in the aluminum production increased from 52.45%to 79.25%. However, RSR in the Chinese aluminum industry leveled off at 50%in the period of 2003-2007. The respective use ratios of domestic and imported aluminum scrap in the aluminum industry of 2007 were 5.38% and 9.40%. In contrast, both the net imported Al-containing resources and the lost quantity of Al-containing materials in aluminum cycle increased during the same period, as well as the net increased quantity of Al-containing materials in social stock and recycled Al-scrap. Proposals for promoting aluminum cycle were put forward. The import/export policy and reducing the loss of Al-containing materials for the aluminum industry in China in the future were discussed.

Suffering China,Moving China

'Why are my eyes filled with tears? Because I love this land so much...'is from a poem written by Ai Qing,a famous poet in 1930s' China.Whenever I read the news about the May 12 earthquake,I can't help thinking of these words.From May 12 to now,three weeks have past,but the impact felt by China and her people is far greater than the time that has passed.

Analysis of the Nationally Registered Rice Varieties in the Last Decade

The nationally registered rice varieties during 2006-2015 were analyzed and there were 49.4 varieties on average annually registered in the last decade. In terms of the structure of varieties, there was a decreasing trend for the proportion of three-line hybrid rice varieties but a rapid increase for that of two-line hybrid rice varieties. The percentage of rice varieties developed by scientific research institu- tions was decreasing but that developed by seed companies kept a rapid increase, indicating the commercial breeding conducted by seed companies has become a principal model in rice breeding. With regard to grain quality of varieties, the con- ventional rice varieties showed an increasing trend while the hybrid rice varieties had a decreasing trend in the proportion of high quality varieties, indicating hybrid rice needs improving more in grain quality in breeding programs.

“中国特色社会主义”的词汇化

"中国特色社会主义"的词汇化历经了一个过程,即:有中国特色的社会主义→有中国特色社会主义→中国特色社会主义。"中国特色社会主义"的概念化是词汇化的直接动因,而语言经济原则是根本动因。其词汇化机制本质上是一种紧缩机制,即将原式"有中国特色的社会主义"中的形式标记"有……的……"逐步隐去,并最终变为一个无标记项。

Spatial Structural Pattern and Vulnerability of China-Japan-Korea Shipping Network

The economies of China-Japan-Korea （CJK） are complementary, with their proximity resulting in the three countries having a high degree of interdependence with respect to trade. Currently, trade among these countries relies mainly on port-centered shipping. The development of the shipping network is integral for in-depth integration of CJK trade. This paper analyzes the overall characteristics, centrality, spatial structure, and vulnerability of the CJK shipping network using the methods of complex network analysis, blocking flow theory, and interruption and deletion of hub ports. The main findings are as follows： 1） The CJK shipping network has a small average path length and clustering coefficient, and its degree distribution follows a power-law distribution, which make the network present obvious characteristics of a Barabasi-Albert scale-free. 2） The characteristics of the multi-center point of the CJK shipping network can alleviate traffic pressure. At the same time, the network shows a clear hierarchy in the port transportation system, with cargo transport relying mainly on the ‘hub port-hub port＇ connection. 3） The CJK shipping network is relatively stable. Compared with ports in Japan and Korea, the main hub ports in China have a greater impact on the stability of the shipping network, in particular those ports of the central coastal region, including Shanghai, Ningbo, and Lianyungang.

Modified imperialist competitive algorithm-based neural network to determine shear strength of concrete beams reinforced with FRP

Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs), unlike steel, are corrosion-resistant and therefore are of interest;however, their use is hindered because their brittle shear is formulated in most specifications using limited data available at the time. We aimed to predict the shear strength of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars and without stirrups by compiling a relatively large database of 198 previously published test results (available in appendix). To model shear strength, an artificial neural network was trained by an ensemble of Levenberg-Marquardt and imperialist competitive algorithms. The results suggested superior accuracy of model compared to equations available in specifications and literature.

Lord Jim： Jim＇s moral dilemmas and his tragic choices

The colonist culture of the imperialism nourished Jim＇s heroic dreams in which the protagonist sees himself as an apotheosis of morality and heroic deeds, but it also isolated him from the reality of the world. As a result, he often finds himself caught in moral dilemmas and ends up making tragic choices. His tragedy indicated that the alluring and illusive myth of the imperialism was bound to fall apart.

Urban Economic Cluster Template and Its Dynamics of Beijing,China

Economic clusters have been a central focus of current urban and regional research, policies and practices. However, a methodology to identify and analyze policy-relevant economic cluster dynamics is still not well developed. Based on input-output(I-O) data of 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007 of Beijing, this article presents an adapted principle component analysis for identifying the evolution of local economic cluster patterns. This research addresses the changes of economic interaction of industries with complementary and common activities over time. The identified clusters provide an insight into the reality of economic development in a diversifying urban economy: the increasing importance of services and the growing interaction between service and manufacturing industries. Our method therefore provides the analysts with a better understanding of the emergence, disappearance and development of economic clusters citywide. The results could be used to assist monitoring urban economic development and designing more practical urban economic strategies.

Vulnerability of mountain glaciers in China to climate change

Mountain glaciers in China are an important water source for both China and adjoining countries, and therefore their adaptation to glacier change is crucial in relation to maintaining populations. This study aims to improve our understanding of glacial vulnerability to climate change to establish adaptation strategies. A glacial numerical model is developed using spatial principle component analysis （SPCA） supported by remote sensing （RS） and geographical information system （GIS） technologies. The model contains nine factors--slope, aspect, hillshade, elevation a.s.l., air temperature, precipitation, glacial area change percentage, glacial type and glacial area, describing topography, climate, and glacier characteristics. The vulnerability of glaciers to climate change is evaluated during the period of 1961-2007 on a regional scale, and in the 2030s and 2050s based on projections of air temperature and precipitation changes under the IPCC RCP6.0 scenario and of glacier change in the 21st century. Glacial vulnerability is graded into five levels： potential, light, medial, heavy, and very heavy, using natural breaks classification （NBC）. The spatial distribution of glacial vulnerability and its temporal changes in the 21st century for the RCP6.0 scenario are analyzed, and the factors influencing vulnerability are discussed. Results show that mountain glaciers in China are very vulnerable to climate change, and 41.2% of glacial areas fall into the levels of heavy and very heavy vulnerability in the period 1961-2007. This is mainly explained by topographical exposure and the high sensitivity of glaciers to climate change. Trends of glacial vulnerability are projected to decline in the 2030s and 2050s, but a declining trend is still high in some regions. In addition to topographical factors, variation in precipitation in the 2030s and 2050s is found to be crucial.

A Study on China＇s Marine Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance

Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty, it is also an important part of national interests. At present, the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation and challenges. In view of the strategic significance and maritime situation of ocean development, it needs to work out a feasible ocean strategy of China from the need of safeguarding the interests of the whole country urgently. We must establish the maintenance strategies of China＇s marine rights and interests in order to realize the sustainable development of marine fights and interests.

Incidence and in-hospital mortality of acute aortic dissection in China： analysis of China Health Insurance Research （CHIRA） Data 2011

Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of AAD in China and characterize the clinical profile, management and in-hospital outcomes of this vascular event. Methods We used the China Health Insurance Research Data （the CHIRA Data） 2011 which comprises all inpatient hospital records （300,886） during the period of Jan. 1st 2011 to Dec. 31 2011 of 3,335,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries （1,718,500 men and 1,616,500 women） from 25 cities and counties in different economic-geographic regions of China's Mainland. Patients with acute aortic dissection were identified according to International Classification of Disease 10m Revision （ICD-10） of I71.0, The estimated incidence of AAD was calculated using the equation： estimated incidence = 2.0 × （40% × hospital admission rate） ＋ 60% × hospital admission rate. Results The hospital admission rate was 2.0/100,000 （65/3,325,000, 95% CI： 1.2-2.8）. The estimated annual incidence of AAD was 2.8/100,000 （95% CI： 1.9-3.6） and was higher in male than in female （3.7 vs. 1.5, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.4 years. During the mean hospital stay of 23 ±6 days, the overall in-hospital mortality was 13.9% （9/65）. Conclusions Our study showed relatively lower but not negligible incidence and in-hospital mortality of AAD in the mainland of China. The mean age of patients with AAD in Chinese was younger than that reported by researches from west countries, while the male to female incidence ratio is similar to those reported by other studies.

Discussion on Green Development of Fenlong for Yield Increase, Quality Enhancing, Water Retaining and Multiple Use of Natural Resources

Fenlong green ecological agriculture technology （Fenlong technology）, a new smash ridging farming method developed by Guangxi Academy of Agdcultural Sciences, has been elected as the recommended cultivation technique by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It replaces the traditional plowshare with spiral drill, and its tilth depth is twice deeper than that by tractor tilthing. It also extends soil nutrient, moisture, oxygen and microorganism, the so-called ＂Four pools＂. Soil nutrient, oxygen, microorganism, light and rainfall use ratio is increased by 10%-100%, creating a platform for natural increase of more than 10% of crop yield. Its application to over 20 kinds of crops in 21 provinces has proved that the yield increases 10-30% with quality enhancing 5% and double water retaining capacity but no more input. When the application area of Fenlong could reach 67 million hm2, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by 40-50 billion kg, saving 120-150 billion Yuan. In this paper, we put forward the strategy of ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City ＋ rivers） green development in China, and deepened the Fenlong cultivated tilled layer from 16.5 cm to 35 cm for 67 million hm2 arable land, ridged 13.3 million hm2 of saline-alkali soil for 35 cm, and also 35 cm for 67 million hm2 degraded steppe, which could have the following 3 effects： first, the 147 million hm2 of land with Fenlong cultivation could increase loosing soil to 315.491 billion m3, in＊ creasing by 159.26% for 120 million hm2 of arable land with the average tilled layer of 16.5 cm, which has loosing soil of only 198.1 billion m3, that is, the space of the land increases 1.6 times. Second, every hectare of plowland could store up to 450 m3/hm2 of natural rainfall, and the unused 60 m3 of saline-alkali soil and grasslands could store water of 102 billion m3, showing an increase of over 88.89% for the current plowland storage of 54 billion m3 at now, that is, double the natural rainfall storage capacity. Third, the two multiple increase of natural resources application can bring trillions of resource activation, environmental cleaning, food security, citizens, health, economic, ecological and social benefits, and makes the Chinese nation move forward in green development. Its application in ＂big scientific research＂ and ＂One Belt And One Road＂ will contribute Chinese strength to the world.

Chinese Contemporary Art Design from the Perspective of National Culture

The progress of social economy drives the progress of humanity art. Due to historical condition reason, the pace of art design development in China is late. Since the reform and opening up, the art design obtains a long-term development in China. In order to adapt to the trend of world economy integration, all aspects of art design fields in China are learning from the foreign countries, however, it is hard to have a breakthrough creation in itself, and it lacks of domestic art design ＂localization＂ , which can not fully reflect the national culture and national elements. At the same time, the self-innovation power is weak, and the creation ability is insufficient, which also restricts the independent development of art design field to a higher level in China. The art design, as a comprehensive subject, is affected by many factors of society, science and technology and market for its own improvement. This paper mainly discusses from national culture level for art design, thinking that if the art design in China wants to develop higher, it needs to be based on the national culture and profound cultural base, constructing the art design products with Chinese national styles.

The Making of Japanese Femininity： Women, Civilization, and War, from 1868 to 1945

This article traces the development of modem Japanese femininity from the Meiji Restoration （1868） to the end of the Asia Pacific War （1945）. It explores how modem Japanese femininity was constructed in relation to ＂civilization＂ （bunmei） and war. With the introduction of the Western notion of ＂civilization＂, the Meiji state tried to ＂civilize＂ its views on women to become on par with the West. As the status of women became a major national issue in the late 19th century, women began to regard themselves as important members of the nation through their involvement in patriotic activities. During the Second Sino-Japanese War and Asia Pacific War, women strengthened their ties to the nation by supporting the wars on the home front as mothers, wives, laborers, and members of women＇s association. This made patriotism, frugality, and selflessness essential to the definition of the Japanese woman. In addition to these qualities, chastity was central to the idealized image of the Japanese woman. Through the examination of the historical development of Japanese femininity, this article offers insight into the image of ＂good Japanese woman＂.

How the Red Ring Became the Bronze Horse and the Horse Became the Ring： Tennyson＇s ＂Boaidicea＂

Tennyson＇s poem ＂Boaidicea＂, published in 1864 but at least conceived in 1858, has never been very highly regarded. It is usually omitted from editions of the complete poetical works. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, written in an approximation of Catullan/Callimachan galliambics, it is no easy read. Secondly and more importantly, however, it sits most awkwardly within a huge body of contemporary art -paintings, sculptures, and novels as well as poems which present the （properly） Queen Regent of the Iceni as the spiritual ancestor of Victoria （the Gaelic word boudicca does, after all, men ＂victory＂）. Far from portraying Boadicea （as the name was then commonly spelt from the 18th to themed 20th centuries） as the harbinger of British imperial glory, Tennyson presents her as the half-mad victim of Roman oppression, brutalized by her own experiences into a personal vendetta. I argue that this poem is a riposte to Sir William Thornycroft＇s bronze statue of Boadicea, a symbol of patriotic pride. It was begun at roughly the same time as the poem, both at the behest of Prince Albert; Tennyson would have seen Thornycroft＇s models. In the poem, Tennyson envisions Bo/idicea reducing Colchester and Londonto a red-black stain infested with carrion eaters, and he seems to be asking whether this colour, ironically reflected in the finished statue of the Regent, chariot and horses （she used cavalry and chariots to attack Londinium, after all） is anything like a becoming tribute to Victoria. As for the dating of composition, Tennyson＇s the most likely model for Boaidicea is Lakshmibai, Queen Regent of Jhansi, who, during the Indian Mutiny of late 1857, is reputed to have ordered a massacre of English civilians who were tortured and dismembered in much the same as Boudicca＇s victims. The poem is thus a meditation on the evils inherent in empire building and its effect upon native peoples.