Current status and existing problems in the Chinese cosmetic industry areanalyzed from the aspects of industry scale, technology and management level, R&D investment andhuman resources. Strategies to promote the i...Current status and existing problems in the Chinese cosmetic industry areanalyzed from the aspects of industry scale, technology and management level, R&D investment andhuman resources. Strategies to promote the industry are also put forward, such as increasing entrybarrier to optimize industry structure, tightening regulatory controls to improve quality assurance,fostering innovation and actively exploring modes of collaboration, and training more technical andmanaging professionals.展开更多
Research objectives presented in the article are of theoretical, methodological, and empirical nature. The theoretical aim of the article is to present the different approaches to conceptualization and operationalizat...Research objectives presented in the article are of theoretical, methodological, and empirical nature. The theoretical aim of the article is to present the different approaches to conceptualization and operationalization of psychic distance. The methodological aim of the article is to show the pilot research results of quantitative research planned in future. The paper aims at presenting the results of testifying the questionnaire, especially reactions of the respondents on the level of difficulty of questions included in it. The empirical aim of the article is to present the perceptions of managers about the importance of psychic distance stimuli （differences in culture, differences in economic and political systems, as well as differences in mentality and geographic distance） in the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization. The paper is based on the critical literature overview and on the field research conducted on the sample of 18 Polish companies with the technique of direct interview. In the first part of the article, the research design as well as methodological issues connected with psychic distance measurement is presented. The second part of the article is dedicated to the field research results on the importance of psychic distance in the process of internationalization. The conclusions of the current stage of the research will comprise the base of complete research. The conducted research enabled the author to answer the following research questions： What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization （the directions and forms of internationalization, the pace and amount of countries subject to foreign expansion of Polish companies, and the value of sales and foreign capital engagement of Polish companies abroad）？ What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on managers＇ decisions connected with engagement on international markets （initiating business with foreign partners, leading business on international markets, and withdrawal business from international markets）？ What are the factors determining perceptions of psychic distance by managers？ What is the size of psychic distance among Poland and the foreign expansion markets of Polish companies？ The respondents stated that the managers＇ perceptions about psychic distance importance in the process of companies＇ internationalization depend on the managers＇ experience in activity on international markets, the knowledge of managers about international markets, the level of education of managers, and the level of stability and changeability of environment, in which the company operates. According to the managers, the most important factors having impact on decisions connected with internationalization are： cultural differences （especially differences in religion）, political differences （especially the level of democracy）, geographic distance （the differences in time zones）, the differences in economic systems （the level of economic development）, and the differences in mentality （different way of thinking of managers）. The factors having impact on companies＇engagement in international markets are： the level of democracy, the level of infrastructure development, different way of thinking of managers, and differences in time zones. The managers stated that the most significant differences in cultural systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-Romania. The most significant differences in economic systems occur among Poland and the receivers of Polish export China, Ukraine, and the United States. The biggest differences in political systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Russia Belarus, and Poland-Ukraine. According to the managers, the biggest differences in mentality occur among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-the United States. Geographic distance is the most important factor in Polish export to the United States, China, Turkey, and Spain. There is applied a methodology stating that psychic distance （and its stimuli） should not be measured only with the use of objective constructs and statistical data, but also with the use of subjective data, such as the responses of decision makers of companies under internationalization. The value of the article is the presentation of the application of new research tool for psychic distance measurement.展开更多
Formal training can play a particularly important role in supporting the internationalization of small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. However, the demand for education services by the latter still appears limited. T...Formal training can play a particularly important role in supporting the internationalization of small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. However, the demand for education services by the latter still appears limited. This is due to known structural and cultural limits that are found widely in this type of business and to the fact that the provision of training---especially that which is funded^oes not seem to address adequately SMEs＇ needs; in many cases, such training is not stimulating, because it is perceived as too general. In fact, SMEs do not constitute a single homogeneous group and therefore assistance needs vary among the different types of firms. So, especially in relation to internationalization, it is clear that there are important differences to consider due to the variety of approaches and ways of developing this process. In order to optimize the resources to invest in the promotion of training, there is a need to find a proper balance between providing ＂viable solutions for all businesses＂ and offering ＂targeted responses and tailored services＂. In such a context, the main objective of this paper is to identify and systematize the variables that most influence the SMEs＇ training needs related to internationalization by taking into account the differences among them. To this end, an empirical analysis was developed involving a significant number of Italian SMEs by using a combination of qualitative research methods. The results show the critical issues faced by the investigated firms during their internationalization process and highlight some important variables that affect their training needs： export involvement, characteristics of the product/market, characteristics of the company, exporting strategy, and human resources. Based on these variables, the writers identified clusters of firms characterized by similar needs and problems to be faced.展开更多
Growth, innovation, and strategic focus are vital for long-term success of multinational corporations （MNCs）. MNCs must create the organizational culture and process for increased competitiveness to sustain better m...Growth, innovation, and strategic focus are vital for long-term success of multinational corporations （MNCs）. MNCs must create the organizational culture and process for increased competitiveness to sustain better market shares and profits. Towards this end, MNCs should develop a comprehensive innovation strategy. Innovation is a way of life and the spirit of innovation, like the spirit of entrepreneurship, must be sustained. The goal should be continuous growth with competitiveness. And towards this purpose, organizations must innovate. The article draws from innovation concepts as they would lead to organizational growth and competitiveness. MNC international structure, culture, and leadership style have an influence on the innovation culture and creativity process in the MNC organization. The article sets forth a model for MNC decision-making structure and organizational culture for facilitating the innovative fervor and capability to be more favorable to the MNC. The models presented here are meaningful in the quest for greater MNC innovativeness and creativity.展开更多
According to the general tendency of the development of enterprise cultural in the 21st century, more and more intense attentions will be paid on the enterprise culture. Thus, while the world green tendency and the gr...According to the general tendency of the development of enterprise cultural in the 21st century, more and more intense attentions will be paid on the enterprise culture. Thus, while the world green tendency and the green demand rise increasingly, the research on the green cultural management is becoming more important. The study of the green cultural management is not only of vital significance in promoting the continuous development of social economy, but also exchanging the way of the economic growth from extensive pattern to intensive pattern, improving the capacity of the competition and economic benefit of the company, and accelerating the international business. Moreover, the research has another significant importance in enriching and developing the science of enterprise of management.展开更多
Since the nineteen nineties, Chinese economic grows rapidly. Chinese enterprises have become an important force in the world economic growth. At the same time enterprise growth has been accompanied by M ＆ A, the succ...Since the nineteen nineties, Chinese economic grows rapidly. Chinese enterprises have become an important force in the world economic growth. At the same time enterprise growth has been accompanied by M ＆ A, the success ofM ＆ A can bring great leap and growth for the enterprise. As for Chinese enterprise, today is an important period of mergers and acquisitions, but the real success ofM ＆ A is less. Through the analysis of the causes for the failure ofM ＆ A enterprise, some research results suggest the following three reasons are the major. First is the ignoring differences in M ＆ A enterprises culture, second is the cultural conflict between no effective solution for mergers and acquisitions, and the third is not able to integrate the cultural reasonably.展开更多
Since the nineteen nineties, Chinese economic grows rapidly. Chinese enterprises have become an important force in the world economic growth. At the same time enterprise growth has been accompanied by M ＆ A, the succ...Since the nineteen nineties, Chinese economic grows rapidly. Chinese enterprises have become an important force in the world economic growth. At the same time enterprise growth has been accompanied by M ＆ A, the success ofM ＆ A can bring great leap and growth for the enterprise. As for Chinese enterprise, today is an important period of mergers and acquisitions, but the real success ofM ＆ A is less. Through the analysis of the causes for the failure ofM ＆ A enterprise, some research results suggest the following three reasons are the major. First is the ignoring differences in M ＆ A enterprises culture, second is the cultural conflict between no effective solution for mergers and acquisitions, and the third is not able to integrate the cultural reasonably.展开更多
after 30 years of development, private enterprise has become an important pillar of our national economy.With the accelerated process of economic globalization, the private enterprises will face more intense competiti...after 30 years of development, private enterprise has become an important pillar of our national economy.With the accelerated process of economic globalization, the private enterprises will face more intense competition in the domestic market. At the same time in order to obtain various resources, access to the vast market and foreign advanced technology, many private enterprises active or passive choice of ＂going out＂, through the international road to break the bottleneck of development.展开更多
Equity theory was proposed by John.Stacey.Adams. Under the background in China, nor matter the staff in state owned enterprises with better pay or the compliant workers feel unfair remuneration. Is the unfairness obje...Equity theory was proposed by John.Stacey.Adams. Under the background in China, nor matter the staff in state owned enterprises with better pay or the compliant workers feel unfair remuneration. Is the unfairness objective reality or caused by special cultural environment in China？ The paper deeply observes the inapplicability of equity theory in China and reaction of it on productivity.展开更多
The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and...The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and reasons for corporate internationalization. The second part shows an international marketing strategy in the concept of corporate expansion. The strategy consists of two elements： the basic dimensions of foreign market entry modes （part 3） and business presence strategies in overseas markets （part 4）. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research conducted by Department of Marketing of the Cracow University of Economics. The research has been conducted as a part of grant received by Polish National Centre of Science.展开更多
This paper aims to review and analyze the literature on the expansion of Chinese firms to Latin America. In order to achieve this objective, it first reviews the literature on the internationalization of Chinese MNCs,...This paper aims to review and analyze the literature on the expansion of Chinese firms to Latin America. In order to achieve this objective, it first reviews the literature on the internationalization of Chinese MNCs, the theoretical frameworks discussed in the literature and the principal features of companies from China. Second, it describes the economic and political relations between the countries, specifically the threats and opportunities for Latin America and the trade and investment trends. The review shows that the majority of the current literature on Chinese MNCs has a focus on their expansion to developed countries, on the conceptual framework needed to understand this expansion, and on the competition for foreign investments from developed countries. As a result, the analysis makes evident that research gaps seem to exist in the following areas： （1） the relative value of Chinese companies＇ existing advantages, （2） the sustainability of these advantages once the lead, probably given by OEMs or JVs, had been exhausted, （3） research works based on quantitative and comparative data, （4） the motives for FDI, （5） the entry mode, configuration, control and strategy of Chinese companies investing in Latin America, and （6） the potential opportunities presented to European companies operating in Latin America.展开更多
文摘Current status and existing problems in the Chinese cosmetic industry areanalyzed from the aspects of industry scale, technology and management level, R&D investment andhuman resources. Strategies to promote the industry are also put forward, such as increasing entrybarrier to optimize industry structure, tightening regulatory controls to improve quality assurance,fostering innovation and actively exploring modes of collaboration, and training more technical andmanaging professionals.
文摘Research objectives presented in the article are of theoretical, methodological, and empirical nature. The theoretical aim of the article is to present the different approaches to conceptualization and operationalization of psychic distance. The methodological aim of the article is to show the pilot research results of quantitative research planned in future. The paper aims at presenting the results of testifying the questionnaire, especially reactions of the respondents on the level of difficulty of questions included in it. The empirical aim of the article is to present the perceptions of managers about the importance of psychic distance stimuli （differences in culture, differences in economic and political systems, as well as differences in mentality and geographic distance） in the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization. The paper is based on the critical literature overview and on the field research conducted on the sample of 18 Polish companies with the technique of direct interview. In the first part of the article, the research design as well as methodological issues connected with psychic distance measurement is presented. The second part of the article is dedicated to the field research results on the importance of psychic distance in the process of internationalization. The conclusions of the current stage of the research will comprise the base of complete research. The conducted research enabled the author to answer the following research questions： What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization （the directions and forms of internationalization, the pace and amount of countries subject to foreign expansion of Polish companies, and the value of sales and foreign capital engagement of Polish companies abroad）？ What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on managers＇ decisions connected with engagement on international markets （initiating business with foreign partners, leading business on international markets, and withdrawal business from international markets）？ What are the factors determining perceptions of psychic distance by managers？ What is the size of psychic distance among Poland and the foreign expansion markets of Polish companies？ The respondents stated that the managers＇ perceptions about psychic distance importance in the process of companies＇ internationalization depend on the managers＇ experience in activity on international markets, the knowledge of managers about international markets, the level of education of managers, and the level of stability and changeability of environment, in which the company operates. According to the managers, the most important factors having impact on decisions connected with internationalization are： cultural differences （especially differences in religion）, political differences （especially the level of democracy）, geographic distance （the differences in time zones）, the differences in economic systems （the level of economic development）, and the differences in mentality （different way of thinking of managers）. The factors having impact on companies＇engagement in international markets are： the level of democracy, the level of infrastructure development, different way of thinking of managers, and differences in time zones. The managers stated that the most significant differences in cultural systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-Romania. The most significant differences in economic systems occur among Poland and the receivers of Polish export China, Ukraine, and the United States. The biggest differences in political systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Russia Belarus, and Poland-Ukraine. According to the managers, the biggest differences in mentality occur among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-the United States. Geographic distance is the most important factor in Polish export to the United States, China, Turkey, and Spain. There is applied a methodology stating that psychic distance （and its stimuli） should not be measured only with the use of objective constructs and statistical data, but also with the use of subjective data, such as the responses of decision makers of companies under internationalization. The value of the article is the presentation of the application of new research tool for psychic distance measurement.
文摘Formal training can play a particularly important role in supporting the internationalization of small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. However, the demand for education services by the latter still appears limited. This is due to known structural and cultural limits that are found widely in this type of business and to the fact that the provision of training---especially that which is funded^oes not seem to address adequately SMEs＇ needs; in many cases, such training is not stimulating, because it is perceived as too general. In fact, SMEs do not constitute a single homogeneous group and therefore assistance needs vary among the different types of firms. So, especially in relation to internationalization, it is clear that there are important differences to consider due to the variety of approaches and ways of developing this process. In order to optimize the resources to invest in the promotion of training, there is a need to find a proper balance between providing ＂viable solutions for all businesses＂ and offering ＂targeted responses and tailored services＂. In such a context, the main objective of this paper is to identify and systematize the variables that most influence the SMEs＇ training needs related to internationalization by taking into account the differences among them. To this end, an empirical analysis was developed involving a significant number of Italian SMEs by using a combination of qualitative research methods. The results show the critical issues faced by the investigated firms during their internationalization process and highlight some important variables that affect their training needs： export involvement, characteristics of the product/market, characteristics of the company, exporting strategy, and human resources. Based on these variables, the writers identified clusters of firms characterized by similar needs and problems to be faced.
文摘Growth, innovation, and strategic focus are vital for long-term success of multinational corporations （MNCs）. MNCs must create the organizational culture and process for increased competitiveness to sustain better market shares and profits. Towards this end, MNCs should develop a comprehensive innovation strategy. Innovation is a way of life and the spirit of innovation, like the spirit of entrepreneurship, must be sustained. The goal should be continuous growth with competitiveness. And towards this purpose, organizations must innovate. The article draws from innovation concepts as they would lead to organizational growth and competitiveness. MNC international structure, culture, and leadership style have an influence on the innovation culture and creativity process in the MNC organization. The article sets forth a model for MNC decision-making structure and organizational culture for facilitating the innovative fervor and capability to be more favorable to the MNC. The models presented here are meaningful in the quest for greater MNC innovativeness and creativity.
文摘According to the general tendency of the development of enterprise cultural in the 21st century, more and more intense attentions will be paid on the enterprise culture. Thus, while the world green tendency and the green demand rise increasingly, the research on the green cultural management is becoming more important. The study of the green cultural management is not only of vital significance in promoting the continuous development of social economy, but also exchanging the way of the economic growth from extensive pattern to intensive pattern, improving the capacity of the competition and economic benefit of the company, and accelerating the international business. Moreover, the research has another significant importance in enriching and developing the science of enterprise of management.
文摘Since the nineteen nineties, Chinese economic grows rapidly. Chinese enterprises have become an important force in the world economic growth. At the same time enterprise growth has been accompanied by M ＆ A, the success ofM ＆ A can bring great leap and growth for the enterprise. As for Chinese enterprise, today is an important period of mergers and acquisitions, but the real success ofM ＆ A is less. Through the analysis of the causes for the failure ofM ＆ A enterprise, some research results suggest the following three reasons are the major. First is the ignoring differences in M ＆ A enterprises culture, second is the cultural conflict between no effective solution for mergers and acquisitions, and the third is not able to integrate the cultural reasonably.
文摘Since the nineteen nineties, Chinese economic grows rapidly. Chinese enterprises have become an important force in the world economic growth. At the same time enterprise growth has been accompanied by M ＆ A, the success ofM ＆ A can bring great leap and growth for the enterprise. As for Chinese enterprise, today is an important period of mergers and acquisitions, but the real success ofM ＆ A is less. Through the analysis of the causes for the failure ofM ＆ A enterprise, some research results suggest the following three reasons are the major. First is the ignoring differences in M ＆ A enterprises culture, second is the cultural conflict between no effective solution for mergers and acquisitions, and the third is not able to integrate the cultural reasonably.
文摘after 30 years of development, private enterprise has become an important pillar of our national economy.With the accelerated process of economic globalization, the private enterprises will face more intense competition in the domestic market. At the same time in order to obtain various resources, access to the vast market and foreign advanced technology, many private enterprises active or passive choice of ＂going out＂, through the international road to break the bottleneck of development.
文摘Equity theory was proposed by John.Stacey.Adams. Under the background in China, nor matter the staff in state owned enterprises with better pay or the compliant workers feel unfair remuneration. Is the unfairness objective reality or caused by special cultural environment in China？ The paper deeply observes the inapplicability of equity theory in China and reaction of it on productivity.
文摘The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and reasons for corporate internationalization. The second part shows an international marketing strategy in the concept of corporate expansion. The strategy consists of two elements： the basic dimensions of foreign market entry modes （part 3） and business presence strategies in overseas markets （part 4）. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research conducted by Department of Marketing of the Cracow University of Economics. The research has been conducted as a part of grant received by Polish National Centre of Science.
文摘This paper aims to review and analyze the literature on the expansion of Chinese firms to Latin America. In order to achieve this objective, it first reviews the literature on the internationalization of Chinese MNCs, the theoretical frameworks discussed in the literature and the principal features of companies from China. Second, it describes the economic and political relations between the countries, specifically the threats and opportunities for Latin America and the trade and investment trends. The review shows that the majority of the current literature on Chinese MNCs has a focus on their expansion to developed countries, on the conceptual framework needed to understand this expansion, and on the competition for foreign investments from developed countries. As a result, the analysis makes evident that research gaps seem to exist in the following areas： （1） the relative value of Chinese companies＇ existing advantages, （2） the sustainability of these advantages once the lead, probably given by OEMs or JVs, had been exhausted, （3） research works based on quantitative and comparative data, （4） the motives for FDI, （5） the entry mode, configuration, control and strategy of Chinese companies investing in Latin America, and （6） the potential opportunities presented to European companies operating in Latin America.
