国家公园文化及培养策略分析

2021年,我国正式设立第一批国家公园,随之国家公园文化的培养问题广受关注。本文分析了国家公园文化的概念、特征、内涵和表现形式,提出国家公园文化培养策略。国家公园文化思想包括经营理念、理论方法、制度规则等内容;国家公园文化外在表现为文化实物、文化作品、文化活动三种形式。为更快更优培养国家公园文化,建议进一步丰富国家公园文化思想、保护和构建国家公园文化实物、创作高质量的国家公园文化作品、开展国家公园文化活动、优化国家公园文化发展机制。

论国家公园文化的内涵与培养路径

随着第一批国家公园的正式设立,我国国家公园事业从试点阶段转向了建设阶段。国家公园不仅是自然生态保护和物种基因的保存库,更是人类的精神家园,是国家文化和文明的保留地。培养中国特色的国家公园文化是我国国家公园建设的重要任务。研究认为,国家公园的文化内涵包括万物和生、全民共享、国家名片和世代传承。国家公园文化具有重要的现实价值,是建设国家公园的精神动力,对于推进人与自然和谐共生、增强国家认同感和提升文化自信具有重要的意义。从推动建立国家公园节(日)、完善国家公园管理制度和建设标准、促进国家公园文化研究挖掘和创新、加强国家公园文化传承和推动中国国家公园文化走出去等方面提出了培养国家公园文化的路径。

美国文化类国家公园管理经验及其对中国的启示

国家文化公园是我国开创性提出的概念,是打造中华重要标志,坚定文化自信的重要载体。美国是全球国家公园体系的开创者,在百余年的国家公园建设中开启了国家公园保护文化遗产的先例,其文化类国家公园建设的经验可以为我国国家文化公园建设与管理提供参考与借鉴。系统梳理了美国9类文化类国家公园的建设历程,总结了美国文化类国家公园建设的经验。美国文化类国家公园在建设中构建了受法律保障的专门性管理机构,形成了中央-州-公园三级管理体系;形成了一套针对文化遗产保护和利用的完善的法律体系;构建了以联邦财政投入为主,多元化资金筹措为辅的资金保障机制;建立了法律保障下的大众和志愿者广泛参与的公众参与机制。在系统总结美国文化类国家公园建设经验的基础上,结合中国实际,提出了我国国家文化公园的建设建议。我国应设立国家文化公园管理局作为专门性管理机构,出台保障国家文化公园建设的根本性法律,建立以中央-省-市-县四级政府投资为主体,以基金、债券、社会投资和社会捐赠为辅助的多元资金渠道,并构建多主体多方式参与国家文化公园建设的公众参与机制。

The Origin and Vision of National Cultural Park Management Policy in China

Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradually exposed its limitations regarding cultural relic management and value expression.The National Cultural Park System is the fruit created by the internal contradictions of the cultural heritage system itself and the evolution of heritage theory.Its biggest innovation lies in the two core connotations of“integrated protection”and“integrated development”.In the future,as the National Cultural Park management system matures,a Chinese cultural heritage management system will take shape in which the National Cultural Parks become dominant and various cultural resources are utilized.Finally,the National Cultural Park will become a symbol of Chinese culture and will be internalized into the common belief system of the Chinese nation.

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism-Theory&Empirical Studies:Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism.It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism.By selecting 18 academic papers,this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects:ice and snow tourism development and management,the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors,and ice and snow tourism impact assessment.Moreover,one part entitled“Tourism Culture and Ecotourism”has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics.It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations.First of all,the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level,including both longitudinal and horizontal research.In additon,the research methods are practical,innovative,and at the frontier of scientific research,and include industrial correlation analysis methods,kernel density,spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods,content analysis methods,sentiment analysis methods,structural equation models,Delphi methods,spatial statistics methods,geographic detector method and many others.In general,this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research,provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory,institutional evolution theory,etc.,and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage,the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment,the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the model of the relationship between tourists’experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism,among others.These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era,and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.