国家公园与旅游景区的关系辨析和国家公园旅游的发展方式探讨

旅游景区内容包括自然保护地,地方政府习惯于将自然保护地打造成大众观光旅游景区或旅游度假区。但二者在管理体制、发展理念和目标、具体工作内容上都有明显区别,尤其在中央明确"建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系"后,这种区别将使二者的发展不同。虽然不是旅游景区,但国家公园可以发展以国家公园体制和国家公园品牌体系为基础、依托国家公园特色小镇的国家公园旅游,采用三次产业的整合和升级将生态产品的价值可持续地增值变现,实现以旅游景区为定位的传统发展方式向以生态文明建设为宗旨的绿色发展方式的转变。

Conceptual Framework of Tourism Carrying Capacity for a Tourism City:Experiences from National Parks in the United States

There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC) .Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values;it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism-Theory&Empirical Studies:Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism.It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism.By selecting 18 academic papers,this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects:ice and snow tourism development and management,the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors,and ice and snow tourism impact assessment.Moreover,one part entitled“Tourism Culture and Ecotourism”has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics.It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations.First of all,the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level,including both longitudinal and horizontal research.In additon,the research methods are practical,innovative,and at the frontier of scientific research,and include industrial correlation analysis methods,kernel density,spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods,content analysis methods,sentiment analysis methods,structural equation models,Delphi methods,spatial statistics methods,geographic detector method and many others.In general,this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research,provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory,institutional evolution theory,etc.,and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage,the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment,the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the model of the relationship between tourists’experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism,among others.These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era,and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.