ChatGPT辅助培养地理思辨力的主题式教学设计实践——以“全球气候变化与国家安全”教学为例

地理思辨力是高中地理高阶能力和核心素养的重要组成部分,教师可以利用ChatGPT的海量知识库、先进的语言处理功能和人机交互能力,为学生地理思辨力的培养提供技术支持。在“全球气候变化与国家安全”一课的教学中,教师利用ChatGPT辅助开展主题式教学设计与地理思辨课堂教学的实践,通过搭建人机交互形式的思辨平台,引导学生为地球“把脉”、为地球“诊断”、为地球“治疗”,促进学生在实际情境中运用和发展地理思辨力。

林业适应气候变化国家战略纳入国家安全框架(续)--从公共财政政策框架改良的视角

根据气候变化公共产品理论,比较了2013年中国《国家适应气候变化战略》与美国、欧盟适应战略的林业内容,评估了我国与美、欧林业适应战略纳入国家安全的背景条件和战略异同,并重点分析了支持林业适应气候变化的现行财政政策框架。认为,我国基于林业适应战略与林业脆弱性、生态系统自我恢复弹性、国家安全的相互关系,科学识别需要林业提供的适应气候变化公共产品范围的决策机制还不完善。现有林业适应战略,对人工工程干预帮助生态系统自适应的角度考虑较多,对生态系统自适应的连通性、农村发展等考虑较少,且缺乏对人工干预系统方面须公共财政介入的领域进行分析。基于我国公共财政改革的三条考察标志,即财政目标、决策机制和分配机制,提出我国公共财政在支持林业适应气候变化促进国家安全方面,存在公共产品提供缺位现象,同时也具备了财政改良设计的形势需要和转变条件。建议增设林业适应气候变化专项资金,支持水安全的绿色设施、生态安全的绿色生态连通网和湿地、海岸蓝色生态连通网,粮食安全的混农林业、森林食物产业结构、农村发展,提升战略高度,加强支持力度。

林业适应气候变化国家战略纳入国家安全框架--从公共财政政策框架改良的视角

根据气候变化公共产品理论,比较了2013年中国《国家适应气候变化战略》与美国、欧盟适应战略的林业内容,评估了我国与美、欧林业适应战略纳入国家安全的背景条件和战略异同,并重点分析了支持林业适应气候变化的现行财政政策框架。认为,我国基于林业适应战略与林业脆弱性、生态系统自我恢复弹性、国家安全的相互关系,科学识别需要林业提供的适应气候变化公共产品范围的决策机制还不完善。现有林业适应战略,对人工工程干预帮助生态系统自适应的角度考虑较多,对生态系统自适应的连通性、农村发展等考虑较少,且缺乏对人工干预系统方面须公共财政介入的领域进行分析。基于我国公共财政改革的三条考察标志,即财政目标、决策机制和分配机制,提出我国公共财政在支持林业适应气候变化促进国家安全方面,存在公共产品提供缺位现象,同时也具备了财政改良设计的形势需要和转变条件。建议增设林业适应气候变化专项资金,支持水安全的绿色设施、生态安全的绿色生态连通网和湿地、海岸蓝色生态连通网,粮食安全的混农林业、森林食物产业结构、农村发展,提升战略高度、加强支持力度。

《气候变化国家评估报告》(摘要)

前言 气候变化是当今国际社会普遍关注的全球性问题。20世纪80年代，国际社会认识到气候变化问题的严重性并采取了相应的对策。

中学地理远程生活化“四向一体”教学模式构建与实践——以“碳寻全球气候变化”为例

《基础教育课程教学改革深化行动方案》呼吁数字化背景下的新型教与学模式,以双师教学为基础的线上+线下混合式教学模式成为推动数字化教学的重要依托。本文基于地理教学模式构建的原理和方法,结合项目式学习,打造以远程生活化课堂为“一体”,遵循“四向”侧重延展课堂的“四向一体”教学模式,其中,“四向”分别指向设计嵌套递进式项目、设置进阶型地理问题链、打造线上+线下混合式课堂、搭建水平层次梯度评价体系。并以人教版选择性必修3“全球气候变化与国家安全”为例,运用“四向一体”教学模式,设计远程生活化的中学地理课程并展开教学实践研究。

气候变化问题之批判

气候变化问题的严峻性和迫切性与认知的多样性矛盾需要正视和解决。人类既要通过温室气体减排以避免气候变化的加剧,也要重视自然力碳循环和水循环对气候变化的影响,并通过增汇和水利来培育自然力对温室效应的修复。"泛温室气体成因"的趋势对气候变化问题认知和对策路径提出了挑战。气候变化利益格局取决于直接经济损益、国际经济格局和治理多向性受益格局。解决现有矛盾的方法是以《联合国气候变化框架公约》为主导,在现有的减排增汇机制中加入水循环改善因素,进一步明确各国在气候变化全球治理中的分工。减排的主要对象依然是发达国家,对于中国等碳汇潜力巨大、水循环影响力巨大的国家,则要通过生态保护建设增加碳汇,并加强水利建设发挥水循环修复气候变化的功能。碳汇交易是连接减排与增汇的桥梁,只能加强,不能削弱。

深化温室气体排放环境影响评价持续强化减污降碳源头管控

气候变化是当今人类面临的重大全球性挑战。积极应对气候变化是我国实现可持续发展的内在要求,是加强生态文明建设、实现美丽中国目标的重要抓手。我国高度重视应对气候变化工作,从2007年发布《中国应对气候变化国家方案》到2020年提出“双碳”目标,一直以实际行动践行着负责任大国的减排理念。在国家积极应对气候变化的大背景下,将温室气体管控纳入环境影响评价(以下简称“环评”)管理已成为大势所趋。

China's low-carbon transition for addressing climate change

This study discusses high-carbon characteristics, the unsustainability of China's development, and the fact that China needs to transform its development mode. China's low-carbon transition must include industry structure adjustment, energy saving and efficiency increases, energy structure improvement, carbon sink development, adaptation capability, and low-carbon pilot schemes.Low-carbon urbanization is a key measure in China's low-carbon transition. China's urbanization faces high-carbon risks. Thus, this study presents a roadmap for transforming urbanization into a low-carbon one. The transition to low-carbon urbanization is a common trend in the developing world. There is a lot of room for international cooperation.

The Concept and Theoretical Implications of Carbon Emissions Rights Based on Individual Equity

Climate change has become a hot topic in international environmental negotiations.For post-Kyoto international climate regime negotiations,many countries have proposed a variety of frameworks to share the emission reduction responsibilities and allocate carbon emission rights,and have tried to quantify the emission reduction obligations of all countries based on the perspectives of international equity and individual equity.In this paper,the authors have distinguished the concepts of carbon emissions rights based on these two perspectives respectively,have analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions per capita and economic development,and have calculated and compared the proportion of cumulative emissions per capita of different countries in history and future,and then authors conclude that emission reduction obligations should be allocated based on each country's conditions,including historical emissions,development stage,and future demands.Developed countries should take the initiative to significantly reduce their emissions because they have already accomplished their industrialization process.However,developing countries are still in the process of industrialization,which requires more emission rights to meet their development needs.For China,the concept of carbon emissions based on individual equity can be used as a theoretical tool for the allocating the international carbon emissions rights.

Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton community and the relationship between environmental factors of the sea around Xiaoheishan Island in China

Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton community and the relationship between environmental factors of the sea area around Xiaoheishan Island are investigated in the present study. Xiaoheishan Island is located at 37°58′14″N and 120°38′46″E in Shandong Province, China. A total of 65 species of phytoplankton belonging to three phyla and 27 genera were identified, with Bacillariophyta having the largest number of species. The annual average chlorophyll a concentration for this area was 3.11 μg/L, and there occurs a Skeletonema costatum bloom in winter. The Shannon-Weaver indexes(log_2) of the phytoplankton from all stations were higher than 1, and the Pielou indexes were all higher than 0.3. The results of the canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) indicated that water temperature, PO_4^(3ˉ) and Cu were the environmental factors that had the greatest influence on the distribution of the phytoplankton community throughout the entire year. Although the concentration of heavy metal is well up to the state standards of the first grade of China(GB 3097-1997), these metals still have an impact on the phytoplankton community from this area.

Toward Paris:China and climate change negotiations

This article explains the challenges and evolution of climate change governance by linking governance and diplomacy. The challenges of climate change involve not only international competition for new energy but also related adjustments of global governance in this area. To be specific, the carbon emission reductions are still problematic, and negotiations surrounding financing mechanisms between developed and developing countries hang in doubt. Furthermore, the attitude of the two sides toward CBDRs(common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities) and INDCs(intended nationally determined contributions) is disparate. Finally, this article outlines some diplomatic policies for China's future developmental trend.

Comparative assessment and essential analysis on new international GHG emission reduction proposals

Since Kyoto Protocol came into force on February 16, 2005, the endeavor by international society to combat the climate change has stepped into a new milestone. The greenhouse gas （GHG） abatement mechanisms in Kyoto Protocol have served a remarkable function but also been questioned during the practices of past three years about its environmental effectiveness. A lot of new international GHG emission reduction proposals are proposed from many new a.spects, some of which especially impose pressure on developing countries. So it is of great importance to research on these new proposals in time for negotiation beyond Kyoto and institution of Chinese relevant climate policies. As this paper focutses on the way of commitment distribution of mechanisms, the mechanisms here are categorized in one of two types： those distribute commitment based on countries and those based on sectors. Some of the typical mechanisms are selected to be analyzed comparatively, especially about their influence on developing countries,E-mail address： jiangdongmei@tsinghua.edu.cn

Land Use Regionalization of Rural Settlements in China

This paper compartmentalizes regional land use of rural settlements in China by employing a hierarchical clustering method.The statistic data are sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC) and the data of land use change from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China(MLRC).The population of rural settlement decreases from the southeast to the northwest of China and the density of rural settlement decreases from the east to the west of China.Land-use scale of rural settlement,the proportion of one-storey houses and the average household area decrease from the north to the south of China.The ratio of area of cultivated land to rural settlement is high in the northeast and southwest of China but low in the southeast of China.The land use regionalization of rural settlement can be divided into four regions,namely:the northern region of China,Qinghai-Tibet,Yunnan-Guizhou,and the middle and eastern region of China.The northern region of China and the middle and eastern region of China can be further divided into nine sub-regions:Xinjiang,Northeast China,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,North China,the south of the Changjiang(Yantze) River and Sichuan Basin,Jiangsu-Shanghai,South China,the Loess Plateau,and Guangxi.In consideration of the significant regional differences,it is proposed that different policies should be implemented regarding the utilization and management of rural settlements.

Interannual salinity variability of the Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

This paper discusses the interannual variability of the Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the factors that influence it,based on survey data from the 1976–2006 national standard section and the Korea Oceanographic Data Center,monthly E-P flux data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,and meridional wind speed data from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. The results show that:1) the mean salinity of the NYSCWM center has a slightly decreasing trend,which is not consistent with the high salinity center; 2) both the southern salinity front and the halocline of the NYSCWM display a weakening trend,which indicates that the difference between the NYSCWM and coastal water decreases; 3) the Yellow Sea Warm Current intrusion,the E-P flux of the northern Yellow Sea,and the strength of the winter monsoon will affect the NYSCWM salinity during the following summer.

Restructuring and Sustainability-Corporate Strategy of Commercial Bank in Thailand： A Siam Commercial Bank

This article presents a case study of the Siam Commercial Bank （SCB） by investigating why and how SCB implemented organizational restructuring during the uncertain economic environment, and gives an overview of the Thai commercial bank industry. This article presents and discusses SCB＇s strategy implementation in its organization during 1997-2010. This case study is aimed to provide some guidelines for other companies in developing and in choosing strategies for their business sustainability in the global change, and in choosing the implementation of their organization structure for competitive markets.

Spatio-temporal Changes of ≥10℃ Accumulated Temperature in Northeastern China since 1961

The objective of this study was to provide reliable basis for decision making for national food security and layout and structure adjustment of grain production in the northeastern China. The data of mean daily air temperature of 1961-2009 from 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China were chosen in this study. Using statistical methods and isoline method, the spatio-temporal changes of various decadal ≥10℃accumulated temperature and the climatic means of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature were studied in this paper. The results showed that 1） The geo- graphical distribution of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature in the northeastern China could be influenced directly by the latitude, longitude and altitude. If latitude moved one degree northward, the average decrease amplitude of the climatic means was 101.9℃ in the study area. 2） The means of decadal ≥10℃ accumulated temperature rose since the 1980s, and their increase amplitudes became larger in the 1990s and the 2010s obviously. Compared with those of the 1980s, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 100℃ in the mountainous and plain areas in the 1990s; compared with those of the 1990s, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 200℃ in the Hulun Buir High Plain and the Songnen Plain, and 100℃ in the Sanjiang Plain and the Liaohe Plain in the 2010s. 3） The means of the decada ≥10℃accumulated temperature for 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China increased with the rate of 145.57℃/10yr in 1961-2009.4） The climatic means of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased from 1961-1990 to 1971-2000 and 1981-2009. Compared with the climatic mean of 1971-2000, that of 1981-2009 had increased by above 50℃ in most of the study area, even up to 156℃. Compared with the climatic mean of 1961-1990, that of 1981-2009 increased by above 100℃ in most parts of the study area, even up to 200℃. 5） The maximum northward shift, eastward and westward extension amplitudes of3100℃, 3300℃ and 3500℃ isolines were larger among all isolines for the climatic means of the three phases. Compared with the positions of the isolines of 1961-1990, those amplitudes of 31000C isoline of 1981-2009 were 145 km, 109 km and 64 km, respectively; those of 3300℃ isoline were 154 km, 54 km and 64 km, respectively; and the maximum northward shift of 3500℃ isoline was about 100 km.

Addressing Transportation Needs and Climate Change in Developing Nations

The analysis of data and information available on developing countries clearly suggests that the current systems and trends of urban transportation, with respect to both mobility and safety, are not sustainable. The cities of developing countries are typically characterized by high-density urban areas, absence of proper control on land use, lack of proper roads and parking facilities, poor public transport, lack of road user discipline etc. This results in the transportation problems, namely accident, congestion, and pollution, taking a very different and much severer shape in developing countries than those in cities of developed countries. Sustainable transport is also important for developing countries from the perspective of climate change, i.e., to improve carbon foot print/ecological foot print （E.F） etc. of transportation systems. From various researches, it has been established that worldwide the road transport has got a substantial share of carbon emissions （20-25% on an average）. This makes transportation an important sector for reducing carbon emissions and thus for addressing the climate change issue. These considerations therefore thrust the need for achieving sustainability in urban transport, particularly for developing countries, not just from mobility and safety perspective but also from the perspective of local and global environmental issues. This paper will critically analyze the above issues for developing countries and would suggest possible approaches to address both the transportation needs as well as climate change.

Births in China Reduced Slightly Year-to-year in Line with the Law of Population Change

On January 19,National Bureau of Statistics announced that births in 2015 were 16.55 million,a slight drop of 320 000 compared to 2014.How should we consider the reduction of births after implementation of the selective two-child policy？