人口转变与国家-家庭关系重构:英美儿童福利政策的转型及其启示

伴随西方社会第二次人口转变过程中婚育关系的松绑、家庭形式的多样化以及个体主义的发展,儿童、家庭与国家的关系从原先的国家-家庭公私二分关系逐渐发展为国家-家庭-儿童的三角关系,儿童作为独立权利者也成为儿童福利体系的直接福利目标,国家与家庭建立起纵向问责与鼓励合作兼有的关系模式。在此三角关系框架下,英美两国政府积极承担起儿童抚育职责,陆续出台了着眼于儿童个体生活机会、亲职支持型的投资型儿童福利新政策。这对我国现阶段儿童福利政策体系的建设是有借鉴意义的。虽然我国在人口转变与家庭变迁方面与英美等西方国家有所差异,但其应对因家庭抚育功能弱化所造成的儿童福利受损的目标是基本一致的。因此我们认为,结合我国具体情况,构建以儿童为中心、家庭为本位的儿童福利政策体系应成为我国新时期社会政策建设的重点。

国家—家庭视域下农村养老服务高质量发展路径研究

实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略是“十四五”时期的重要战略部署。我国将进入中度老龄化时期,其中,与城市相比,农村养老服务存在先天不足,养老保障工作面临较大压力,如何实现农村养老服务高质量发展是积极应对人口老龄化的关键举措。在此背景下,从国家与家庭视域切入,对我国农村养老服务质量的发展进行现实考察,并结合家庭化与去家庭化、工具性与整合性之间的关系,从上下联动、技术驱动、内外发力、能力导向四个维度,提出完善我国农村养老服务质量的路径,以期持续提升社会治理效能,让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。

A Descriptive Research With Family Farmers＇ Beneficiaries and Non-beneficiaries of the PRONAF in the Municipality of Itapuranga, State of Goias, Brazil

This article is a part of a descriptive survey which aims to characterize, classify, and compare the household production in the Municipality of Itapuranga, State of Goias, Brazil, considering the access to the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture （PRONAF） and its respective differentiation between beneficiary and non-beneficiary groups by the program. It applied the technique of group comparison analysis and frequency inquiry, taking into consideration several variables. Information about the origin, distribution and total income, food safety, land property, production diversification, expenditures and participation in social organizations were collected. The sample consisted of 70 producers, the calculation sample was defined by determined value at the confidence level of 90% whereas the sampling error of 7%. The results allowed describing, classifying, characterizing, and comparing the socio-economic and productive profile of farmers from that area and their access to PRONAF.

防疫教育实施范型构建:交叠影响域理论的视角

防疫教育作为一项面向社会全体成员的立体化、多向度、长期性系统工程,需要多方主体协同推进。交叠影响域理论认为,家庭、学校和社区对儿童成长有着交互叠加的影响,倡导三者以学生为中心,通过提供一致的行为、经验和价值观实现教育成效的最大化。基于交叠影响域理论,防疫教育的协同实施可采取以下策略:构建以儿童为中心的新型国家—学校—家庭—社区叠离关系的防疫教育外部模型;探究国家、学校、家庭、社区四大主体互动关系与影响机制的防疫教育内部机理;通过课程协商、居家学习、线上教育、社区活动、家校社合作交流以及营造防疫教育文化搭建防疫教育实施框架。

On Autonomous Learning Strategy in Chinese Homeschooling With a Comparison to American Homeschooling

In applied linguistics, autonomous learning is a good way to help students accomplish innovative study. If it is properly used, the teaching effects can be strengthened to a large extent. China has a long history in home education. However, the whole world develops in a very fast pace and it is time to take a look at the world＇s homeschooling trend. This paper analyses Chinese home education and American home education, takes in good points of American home education, provides some suggestions and tries to apply autonomous learning strategy to Chinese home education in a better way

China’s Gini Coefficient:Myths and Realities

Using retroactive adjustment approach of history data published by the National Bureau of Statistics （NBS）, this study has adjusted micro-level survey data of China Household Income Project Survey （CHIPS, 2007） and conducted point estimation on household income Gini coefficient using the NBS method. On this basis, the standard error of the point estimation of China＇s Gini coefficient is estimated using bootstrap method, creating a confidence interval of Gini coefficient. Results indicate that among five continuous declines of Gini coefficient between 2008 and 2013, only three declines are statistically significant. It is thus too early to jump at the conclusion that the Gini coefficient of China＇s household income distribution has already entered into a downward channel and at least the argument that China＇s Gini coefficient has been on the decline for five consecutive years is questionable.

Status quo and future prospects of our home care model

This article discusses China＇ s current situation of the aging, and China＇ s aging characteristics, and proposes new pension measures for urban and rural old-age pension model combining with the development of China＇ s economic and social situation, besides, it analyzed the city＇ s common two kinds of pension patterns, proposed a new family patterns of rural old-age pension model, and finally brought a new model of community care.

Human security and sexuality in the IPPF Africa Region

The influence of human security components on Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights （SRHR） of individuals was explored in four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and Uganda from November 2008 to April 2009. The present results suggest that the major threat to human security is the competing economic demands that make it difficult for the population to prioritize reproductive health services in their household budgets. This study concludes that there are potential benefits of human security approaches for furthering the goals of SRHR initiatives, in line with the principles and guidelines expressed in the Maputo Plan of Action and the Millennium Development Goals （MDGs）. The results of this study suggest that IPPF Africa Region can start to prioritize economic security, community security and health security which have greatest impact on the reproductive health of the sub-Saharan African population. The key lesson learnt is that the effective use of family planning services mitigates the effects of other human insecurities, including economic, food, and health insecurities as its application in the families will reduce family size and demand on available resources.