Environmental issues are one of the most important aspects of the long-term development of a country and have an important role in a nation＇s wealth. Different environmental performance indicators present different m...Environmental issues are one of the most important aspects of the long-term development of a country and have an important role in a nation＇s wealth. Different environmental performance indicators present different methodologies and aim to measure countries＇ environmental performances with different approaches. One of the environmental indices, Environmental Performance Index （EPI）, ranks countries＇ performance on high-priority environmental issues in two areas： protection of human health and protection of ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the environmental aspect of sustainability with the EPI and analyze the relationships and differences of the chosen 14 （seven are developed and seven are emerging） countries＇ EPI scores and Gross Domestic Products （GDPs）.展开更多
In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality e...In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality effect between military expenditure and economic growth in 4 Asian countries, two industrial countries （South Korea and Malaysia）, and others are developing countries （Iran and Saudi Arabia）, from 1988 to 2006 years, data series obtained from word development indicator （WDI）. With respect to that military expenditure can affect economic growth so increase in GDP can increase or decrease military expenditure, too. We investigate the causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth because the purpose of military expenditures is to provide national security. The results show that Iran and Saudi Arabia don＇t have any causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth. The results of South Korea show a unidirectional relationship from LGDP （Logarithm of real GDP） and LGDPK （logarithm of real GDP per capita） to military expenditure, and in Malaysia there is unidirectional relationship from LGDPK to military expenditure. The comparison of these results, we can say that developing countries don＇t have meaningful relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, but we can find unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in industrial countries.展开更多
The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationships between key factors relating to education that affect the happiness of adolescents, and to put forward policy suggestions wherewith 20 OECD countries ma...The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationships between key factors relating to education that affect the happiness of adolescents, and to put forward policy suggestions wherewith 20 OECD countries may raise their levels of adolescent happiness. The HBSC score of adolescents from 20 OECD countries was selected as an indicator for happiness, and a number of independent variables such as per capita GDP and per capita educational expenditure were included in the analysis. A structural equation model was employed for the analysis. The research results show that the variables that directly affected happiness were per capita educational expenditure, educational decentralization level, number of students per teacher, and others. Of these, per capita educational expenditure had the greatest influence. Of the paths to adolescent happiness, those that contained a significant indirect effect were ＂per capita GDP → per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ and ＂educational decentralization → number of students per teacher → happiness＂, which were significant at the level ofp 〈 0.05. Compiling the paths toward adolescent happiness focusing on the significance of these direct and indirect effects shows that the ＂per capita GDP →per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ path has the greatest effect.展开更多
文摘Environmental issues are one of the most important aspects of the long-term development of a country and have an important role in a nation＇s wealth. Different environmental performance indicators present different methodologies and aim to measure countries＇ environmental performances with different approaches. One of the environmental indices, Environmental Performance Index （EPI）, ranks countries＇ performance on high-priority environmental issues in two areas： protection of human health and protection of ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the environmental aspect of sustainability with the EPI and analyze the relationships and differences of the chosen 14 （seven are developed and seven are emerging） countries＇ EPI scores and Gross Domestic Products （GDPs）.
文摘In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality effect between military expenditure and economic growth in 4 Asian countries, two industrial countries （South Korea and Malaysia）, and others are developing countries （Iran and Saudi Arabia）, from 1988 to 2006 years, data series obtained from word development indicator （WDI）. With respect to that military expenditure can affect economic growth so increase in GDP can increase or decrease military expenditure, too. We investigate the causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth because the purpose of military expenditures is to provide national security. The results show that Iran and Saudi Arabia don＇t have any causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth. The results of South Korea show a unidirectional relationship from LGDP （Logarithm of real GDP） and LGDPK （logarithm of real GDP per capita） to military expenditure, and in Malaysia there is unidirectional relationship from LGDPK to military expenditure. The comparison of these results, we can say that developing countries don＇t have meaningful relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, but we can find unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in industrial countries.
文摘The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationships between key factors relating to education that affect the happiness of adolescents, and to put forward policy suggestions wherewith 20 OECD countries may raise their levels of adolescent happiness. The HBSC score of adolescents from 20 OECD countries was selected as an indicator for happiness, and a number of independent variables such as per capita GDP and per capita educational expenditure were included in the analysis. A structural equation model was employed for the analysis. The research results show that the variables that directly affected happiness were per capita educational expenditure, educational decentralization level, number of students per teacher, and others. Of these, per capita educational expenditure had the greatest influence. Of the paths to adolescent happiness, those that contained a significant indirect effect were ＂per capita GDP → per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ and ＂educational decentralization → number of students per teacher → happiness＂, which were significant at the level ofp 〈 0.05. Compiling the paths toward adolescent happiness focusing on the significance of these direct and indirect effects shows that the ＂per capita GDP →per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ path has the greatest effect.
