中国晚近二十多年公民社会理论研究述评与学理透视

中国学界对公民社会理论的研究,大致可以分为七大旨趣或研究路径;七大旨趣所取得的成就和所遮蔽的盲区并存。研究"中国公民社会",必须从经济、政治、文化、社会、生态、个人行为乃至解释模式或思维方法等多个维面同时立言和永续推动,并尽量达致同构互应。这一期待落到实处,就是如何在多重变移的理论空间中,整合模铸出新的"中国式学理典范"。

Lessons learned from the past serving as a guide for the future---On a state harmonious development from Naipaurs novel A bend in the river

Naipaul＇s novel A bend in the river illustrates the social confusion and people＇s destitution and wasting time in African countries after their national independence. An important reason is the president＇s self-publicity, tyrannical hess and destructiveness. Whereas the author＇s subjective suspicion is visible in democratic development of African countries. Indeed, in a country development, it is quite necessary to depend on its citizen, observing public feelings; controlling a state with science; benefiting citizen; utilizing resources; constructing homestead, intending creation with a harmonious and stable way.

Comparative Study on Population Ageing Between China and Other Asian Countries

Compared with developed countries, the main characteristics of population ageing in China have been regarded as a rapid ageing society. However, China and other Asian countries have been experiencing the demographic transition simultaneously, it is better to understand the characteristics of population ageing in China when compared with other Asian countries. Using the latest UN data, this paper compares the percentage of elderly population, the speed of ageing and the size of aged population among China and other Asian countries. The result indicates that China has a relatively high percentage of aged population, relatively rapid ageing population and will keep the largest size of aged population of the world in the next 60 years.

The Experimental Study on the Risk Convergence of the Entrusted Portfolios of NSSF

This paper makes use of statistical tools of parameter correlation, multi-parameter regression, and does experimental analysis on issues of risk diversification of portfolios entrusted by National Social Security Fund (NSSF). The issues are industry related investment fields distribution, the trend of capitalization movement, and investment style factors in stock selection. The results show that there are risk problems with portfolios entrusted by NSSF, which include similar investment fields distribution trend, little difference among portfolios, and high risk preference degree.

Promoting Sustainability with Ecological,Economic and Social Dimensions in Developing Countries

Sustainable development is one of the most important ideas,and goals of our time.It is defined as"development which meets the needs and aspirations of the current generation and develops safe and sound society for future generation".Achieving sustainable development thus involves a vigorous and urgent debate on different dimensions.The different dimensions of sustainability as a framework involve all issues such as science,technology,economic growth and development,health,education,finance investment and trade,politics,natural disasters,population growth and terrorism,etc.No single dimension is responsible to develop sustainable society.This article mainly described the integrated relationship among the three dimensions of sustainability.

Education As an Instrument for an Active Social Policy： Assumptions, Performance, and Prospects

The crisis of the welfare state caused the change of the approach to the policy of social protection and the tools of its realization in countries of EU. The present trend consists in the transfer of the responsibility for the welfare of the society from the state to local autonomies, businessmen, and, first of all, people themselves. A basic assignment of the present social policy is building active attitudes of persons and families being found in a difficult situation. Help in this has to be： the realization of the watchword work instead of benefit and the broadly understood education as the protection （guarantee） against life risks. Therefore, the author undertook synthesis of the current sociological knowledge on the change of an approach to social policy objectives formulation. Using qualitative methods, she analyzed the content of literature comprising （showing） discourses on the opportunities and constraints associated with the modernization of the existing social policy and selected EU documents.

Migration in the Middle Asia and Its Effects on the Labor Market

Many Middle Asia countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the migration of many people to alternative living spaces. These migrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens In this study, the migration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this migration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it is carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period＇s structure For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review

Good Local Government for Better Governance and Sustainable Human Development

The purpose of this article is to raise the question of how important decentralisation and local governments are for the successful transition and eventually for sustainable human development of a state. The paper focuses on the gap between development or transition and decentralisation within academic and international policy discourse. In article, the author tries to answer such questions as how local government can contribute to SHD （sustainable human development）. And how should the international community contribute to and support the transition and development process of the developing countries？ Article shows that local self-government can be a school of democracy and responsibility for the wealth of the state and citizens. By sharing the Polish decentralisation experience, the author shows how important decentralisation might be for successful transition, democratization and sustainable development. The paper also includes a short introduction to the European Charter, recent African efforts like AMCOD or UCLGA and European Union development assistance policy. The purpose of this is to show how little attention is paid to local governments and decentralisation within international policy and how huge is the gap between Europe＇s （developed） states and Africa＇s （developing） states related to their decentralisation policy, law and practice.

The Relative Deprivation Theory and Yemen＇s Uprising

The political upheavals in the Arab world during 2011 challenged the political status quo and have irrevocably paved the way toward transformation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA）, The longstanding structural impediments to equitable growth and social justice afflicting the Arab world came to a head through a combination of persistently poverty, high unemployment, particularly among educated youth, rampant corruption, deficit of democratic governance, and essential freedoms. Yemen is the third country of the Middle Eastern countries which turmoil sparked in. All the uprisings connote of social, political and economic discontent and frustration. The main question and issue of this paper is to answer： What conditions breed change to Yemen？ The paper spotlights ＂relative deprivation＂ of Ted Robert Gurr as the most relevant theory to illustrate roots of the Yemen uprising. Relative deprivation theory holds that instead of an absolute standard deprivation, a gap between expectations and reality leads men to political violence. Therefore, this study is to utilize relative deprivation theory to explain how socio-economic shortages （such as high unemployment and education, along with poverty） and political inefficiencies of the Yemen＇s authoritarian regime led to public and collective discontent and upheaval. The intervened variables such as ＂ethnicity, race, religion, and sexuality＂ and international parameters have not been considered,

Exploitation and Abuse of Children in ＂Entrepreneurial＂ Purposes

The society of today often likes to brand itself as modem, advanced, civilized, or a society of positive changes. However, it is a fact that the world is confronted with huge contradictions that oppose such qualifications. Obviously, one of the most striking and almost unbelievable realities tells us about inhumane and uncivilized actions of child exploitation in ＂entrepreneurial＂ purposes in the widest range of exploitation and abuse. Current period of economic crisis tells us even more about the rising crisis of moral, which is, in statistical terms, confirmed by a rising number of exploited children in a global framework, and even in some national frameworks as well. With that, some positive results about the diminishing number of exploited children are devaluated. The question is what are the ＂limits＂ of such behavior of groups, organizations, and individuals whose behavior is, obviously, tolerated in the frameworks of certain national economies. Does this behavior have clarity as a part of modem society？ Or, even more severe, for how long can we as a society close our eyes in front of such facts？ Do we even have the right？ In this paper, the authors strive towards focusing and objectifying the global problem of exploitation and abuse of children in ＂entrepreneurial＂ purposes, primarily with the purpose of updating all parts of the society of this paradox and the need of raising the awareness and teaching all relevant factors--from institutions to individuals, with the purpose of resolving and more neutralize the equivalents of this uncivilized and non-entrepreneurial ＂phenomenon＂, as well as approaching the same in the framework of different actions with broadest measures possible and with all disposable assets.

Strategic Analysis on the Harmonious Regional Development of the Chinese Population Health

Since the reform and opening-up policy was implemented in China, the development of China＇ s medical and health undertakings has been very significant along with the rapid development of economy, and the people＇ s health level is steadily improved and the life expectancy is on the top list in the developing world. However, there are remarkable health differences among urban and rural areas, different regions, and small, medium-sized and large cities. In this paper, on the basis of the healthy social economic decision theory, the characteristics and causes of the regional difference between China＇ s residents in the health level are systematically analyzed, and then the strategies for the harmonious regional development of the Chinese population health are deeply discussed.

Telecentres in Mountain Regions-A Peruvian Case Study of the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Remoteness and Exclusion

Communities in developing country mountain areas,in part due to their remoteness,find themselves excluded from social,political and economic systems; and excluded from access to resources. This paper aims to study the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on remoteness and exclusion. It utilises two models - the resource movement framework,and the "information chain" - to analyse a telecentre in one district of mountainous Huancavelica,Peru's poorest region,set in the high Andes. It finds ICTs enabling new and positive resource flows for the two key user groups:teenaged school students and young farmers. These help to maintain social networks. They also support information searches that have improved agricultural practice where other information chain resources have been available. But non-use and ineffective use of the telecentre are found where information chain resources are lacking. ICTs have some impacts on intangible elements of remoteness. In this particular example,they also offer access to some previously-excluded resources. But they have not really addressed the systematic exclusions faced by mountain communities. And they so far appear to be a technology of inequality; favouring those residents who begin with better resource endowments.The paper concludes by offering some recommendations for mountain ICT project practice.

Followers of the Social Media Network and National Security

With the social media networks development quickly, the followers of the social media network＇ s behaviors have taken a lot of damagers and threats to national security, and made the nation into unstable situations, even subverted the national sovereignty .This paper analyzes the characters of the followers of the social media in the Ira, Tunisia, Egypt and Libya＇s turmoil, concludes constructive suggestions how to ensure national stability and harmonious development, has some positive effect to our national security.

Reference of retirement system in developed country from the Chinese pension system constitutes

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the social security system, and makes it as an important pillar of socialist market economic system. Especially in the last decade, we seize the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the favorable opportunity of the construction of social security system; we have made unremitting efforts and achieved important progress. After years of exploration and practice, we have a clear basic principles of the social security system and the overall objectives and major tasks, we also established social pooling and individual accounts of the basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance system, covering pension, medical, unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance, the urban minimum living security system and the framework of the social security system basically forms. The coverage of social insurance continuously expands social security funds which are through nmltiple channels to raise the initial formation mechanism forms, the level of protection continuously improves, and management and service system also gradually improves. The social security system＇ s reform and development plays a very important role in ensuring the basic livelihood of the people, the state-owned enterprise reform, and the smooth progress of economic restructuring.

Small-Scale Household Biogas Digesters as a Viable Option for Energy Recovery and Global Warming Mitigation--Vietnam Case Study

Biogas from livestock waste is considered as clean and renewable energy in Vietnam. In the last 20 years, in rural and remote areas of Vietnam, there has been a significant increase of small-scale household biogas digesters. Biogas digesters create the benefits of replacing energy and mitigation of climate change caused by greenhouse gas （GHG） emission and deforestation for firewood and charcoal. Livestock waste produces approximately 85 million tonnes every year and continues to increase, meaning there are huge feedstocks for biogas digesters to meet the energy demands in households. However, there are also many constraints on the development programme for small-scale household biogas digester. In Vietnam, the socio-economic situation and the lack of a sustainable energy policy for biogas from livestock sector are hindering the growth of the biogas digester industry. Government subsidies are needed to encourage farmers to participate. This paper will be helpful not only for the sustainable development of household biogas in Vietnam, but also for the developing program of biogas generation in developing countries with similar agricultural economies to Vietnam.

Tourism versus nature conservation: reconciliation of common interests and objectives——an analysis through Picos de Europa National Park

Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.

Actively Dealing with Climate Change and Striving to Strengthen the Capability of Sustainable Development

Either from the perspective of the finite supply capacity of global resources and energy,or from the perspective of global environment restrictive conditions,developing countries can not repeat the old development road of developed countries,either in view of the international pressure China is currently facing,or in view of China's own resources endowment and stages of development,we must actively face such a challenge of climate change.We must recognize that the issue of climate change may be a great restraint to the present and future eco-social development,and may also be an important driving force and new opportunity to push forward the transformation of development pattern,to take a new road of industrialization and to realize sustainable development.This demands us,on the one hand,to take the Scientific Outlook of Development as the guide to make efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gases and continuously increase the capability of adapting to climatic change,and set up the overall plan to respond to climate change of our country,and on the other hand,we should unswervingly take the road of sustainable development,save energy,optimize energy structure and strengthen biological protection in slowing and adapting to climate change.

Prevalence and Patterns of Divorce in Vietnam： Tradition, Modernity, and Individualism

In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has been rapidly increasing after the renovation policy in late 1980s with alternative causes, consequences, etc Modernization is a process of transforming ＂traditional＂ society to ＂modern＂ one, in order to achieve economic development and growth, to innovate politics and to enhance their social structure towards a political, social, and economic system similar to those of western developed countries. In the field of marriage, family, and kinship, modernization process experiences the maintenance of traditional values and the appearance of the new modern values. This paper aims to examine trend and correlates of divorce and to identify social and cultural factors influencing the divorce decision, using data of divorce profiles of one district court in 10 years （i.e., 2000-2009） with total divorce profiles analyzed are 2,033 cases, of which 499 divorce couples in a rural district and 1,534 divorced couples in an urban area.

Innovation in China： Evidence From the Provincial Data

China has made remarkable gains in industrialization and development. In the last years, in order to ensure the sustainability of its economic and social development, China gave more importance to the innovativeness of business enterprises. In the domestic arena, the sustainability of the growth model that China has followed over the past decades has been criticized because of its excessive reliance on capital and resources as opposed to knowledge and innovation. In 2006, that transformation has been at the centre of the government＇s ＂scientific development strategy＂. Today, in fact, innovation and promotion of entrepreneurship are essential conditions for competitiveness of firms and nations, for the long-term growth and, therefore, for the economy as a whole. This paper investigates the level of potential innovation reached in China in 2008 through a disaggregated analysis, evaluating the production capacity of the Chinese provinces. ＂Innovation＂ has been widely studied by economic literature, specially with reference to the output. In this paper, we will refer to the European Innovation Scoreboard （EIS） index, to measure the progress of innovation, which represents the skill to innovate of a territory, but not the achieved innovation. First, we will propose some methodological changes of this method, that allows to obtained a ranking, in order to better understand the results reached by the Chinese provinces; Then we will test a different methodology in order to measure the level of potential innovation overcoming the limits of current practice--from a composite index obtained through a mean of disaggregated indices to multivariate analysis.

＂Questionable＂ Behaviors and Practices in Academic Productivity in Postgraduate Studies in Mexico

This paper reports the results acquired in a research work about ＂questionable＂ practices and behaviors in the academic production of researches and postgraduate social sciences and humanities studies of the programs that are appointed by the National Program of Quality Postgraduate Studies （PNPC, by its acronym in Spanish） in Mexico. Through a qualitative methodology, the authors interpreted some of the arguments that explain and/or justify certain practices in relation to doubled production, authorship, and coauthorship of academic products. In this paper, the authors present and analyze the results that they obtained after reviewing documents produced by professors and students of six postgraduate programs that are taught in two Mexican public universities. At the same time, the authors examine some of the practices that take place within said programs, given the institutional demands of improving finished studies efficiency. One of the hypotheses of this work is the demands that are imposed by external evaluations of academic processes on professors and their programs in order to reach desirable rates with the purpose of maintaining or increasing the levels of productivity, gives way to certain practices that must be analyzed. This work＇s theoretic framework is constituted by the contributions of career sociology and professional ethics.