三国吴《国山碑》的书人与书法

《国山碑》，又称《封禅国山碑》《囤碑》。天册元年（275），孙吴废帝孙浩得玉玺于吴兴，文日“吴真皇帝”，遂改明年元为“天玺”，刊石告禅干宜兴国山之阴的离墨山。

“国山”建构的政治烙印

“国山”应属民意、文化范畴,其认定是个约定俗成的自然过程。但由于我国泛政治化传统,致使“国山”建构始终受到政治和权力干预,民国时期和近期均有此烙印。在当今民主化时代,理应将”国山”建构还给民间,并严防复古倾向。人民需要一个平民化、谦和性的泰山。泰山,应在与各大名山紧密协作、公平竞争中,互惠共荣,走向世界。

泰山——政治山——国山

泰山学院泰山研究中心常务副主任、泰山旅游研究所所长王雷亭副教授提出“泰山———国山”命题后 ,引起了越来越多的反响与关注。为加强国山研究的交流与宣传 ,泰山研究中心《泰山———国山》课题组近几年进行了大量的基础性研究工作 ,目前已初步形成了系列研究成果。本刊特约课题组的部分核心成员以笔谈的形式发表有关见解 ,并欢迎各界有识之士撰文参加讨论。

从国山碑的开发谈对石质文物的保护与管理

国山碑是现存最古老的封禅碑之一，又是我国江南地区记录地震的最早资料。近年对国山碑的开发，为石质文物的保护与管理提供了成功的经验。

泰山“国山”议的历史考察

中国历史上有数次"国山"之议。除去三国时代孙吴曾确立国山外,20世30年代,学者易君左发表文章,指出当民族面对日寇侵逼、危若累卵之际,亟应招唤国魂,推出中华精神"具体之象征",倡议将泰山定为中国的国山。该文承接了传统中国以泰山为王朝"宗山"的历史脉络,通过自然风景、文化积淀与民族品德象征三个方面,细致论证了泰山独具的"中华国山"之地位。其论在当时引起了一定的社会关注,并在21世"国山"新论中产生了深远的影响。

易君左《定泰山为国山刍议》的法学观察

易君左先生是我国近代著名报人,也是享誉文坛的著名作家,他的《定泰山为国山刍议》一文是泰山文化研究的重要文献。易先生此文,缘起"国难日迫"、"一新国民耳目,鼓舞同仇敌忾精神",详述定泰山为国山之"理由"、"计划"、"办法",既关乎泰山历史地位的重申,关乎民族精神的认同,亦关乎训政时期政治与法律制度的秉承与改革。正是基于以上认识,我们以法学的视角,重新审视此文,重点探讨了易君左先生《定泰山为国山刍议》所涉及的议事权主体、立法程序等问题。

孙吴政权正统性观念的构建——兼论吴晋争夺天命

三国政权中,唯独孙吴建国面临合法性、正统性的巨大缺失,孙权把称帝与孙吴政权的正统性、合法性,与“东南有天子气”“紫盖黄旗,运在东南”的说法绑定在一起,以宣传孙吴是天命正统。这在盛行天人感应与谶语、童谣、民谣广为流布的时代中,是很起捕获人心和政治宣传作用的。孙皓即位不久,魏蜀皆灭,只剩下吴国与西晋对峙。故而符瑞又被孙皓重新用作二国争天下时的政治策略,因此孙吴这个正统性、合法性最差的政权,反倒成为三国中生存最长的国家,并且以一国之力与北方强大的晋国对峙十多年。

Mating Calls of Six Forms of Pelobatid in Wawu Mountain National Forest Park,Sichuan,China (Anura:Pelobatidae)

The mating calls of six forms belonging to four genera Megophrys,Oreloalax,Scutiger and Leptolalax were recorded in Wawu Mountain National Forest Park,Sichuan Province of China,using cassette tape recorder (Aiwa) and Sony tape with an external microphone.All recordings were analyzed with an IBM PC based 'SIGNAL' software analysis system (Engineering Design,USA).The range of analyzed frequency was set as 0-10 kHz.Acoustic analysis shows that the dominant frequency of L.oshanensis,M.minor,M.sp.,S.(S.)chintingensis,O.omeimontis,and O.schmidti is 4521.9,3456.4,2293.8,1076.5,1071.0 and 1849.4 Hz on average respectively;the note duration is 46.2,90.8,99.6,72.2,78.8 and 110.3 millisecond on average respectively;the note interval is 140.4,253.0,681.4,1517.7,461.3 and 619.5 millisecond on average respectively.One-Way ANOVA analysis indicates that there are significant differences among the analyzed six forms on the dominant frequency,the note duration,and the note interval (P<0.01).Multiple comparisons using Least-Significant Difference (LSD) show that the difference of the dominant frequency between S.(S.) chintingensis and O.omeimontis is not significant (P=0.917>0.05);on the note duration,only L.oshanensis is significantly different from M.minor,M.sp.,O.omeimontis and O.schmidti (P<0.01);on the note interval,L.oshanensis is not significantly different from M.minor,the same with M.sp.versus O.schmidti and O.omeimontis versus O.schmidti (P>0.05).Correlation analysis indicates that there are no significant correlation among the three acoustic characters of dominant frequency,note duration and note interval,and two environmental factors of the elevation and air temperature (P>0.05) except that the note interval is significantly linear correlated with the elevation (r=0.943,P=0.005<0.01).In the light of above,it is suggested that acoustic characteristics of calls are useful in distinguishing forms;the change of the note interval with the elevation may be a kind of strategy of reproduction.

Investigation of Macrofungi in Wula Mountain National Forest Park at Yinshan Mountains

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the fungi in Wula Mountain National Forest Park. [Method] More than 180 fungal specimens were collected from Wula Mountain National Forest Park from 2009 to 2012 for primarily studying the fungal species diversity. [Results] According to the classification system presented by Ainsworth et al. and with reference to the China catalogue of Macrofungi in species diversity catalogue of Fungi at Wula Mountain National Forest Park was written, involving in 80 species belonging to 43 genera, 22 families, 5 orders and 2 classes in the Basidiomycotina, and 6 species belonging to 2 genera, 2 families, 2 orders and2 classes in Ascomycotina, totally from 86 species, 45 genera, 7 orders, 24 families and 2 subdivisions. Among them, 49 species were edible and 22 species were medicinal, and 18 species were both edible and medicinal, and 7 species were poisonous, and 32 species were wood-rotting, and 5 species were mycorrhizal fungi,and 3 species were newly-recorded ones in Inner Mongolia. [Conclusion] There are still some specimens that have not been identified yet because of lack of literature,thus requiring further study for supplement.

Ecogeographical characteristics of forest soil animal in mountainous districts of the eastern China

In this paper ecogeographical characteristics of forest soil animal i n mountainous districts of the eastern China was analyzed, and results show that soil fauna was very rich in diversified forest habitat, moreover, as times and spaces varied, their compositions and abundance changed obviously too. Forest so il animal decreased gradually in taxa and individual number from the tropics to cold-temperature zone, and they are higher in zonal forest habitat than in other ones on the same mountain. Forest soil animal also got gradually less with incr easing of depth in soil layer, and distributed principally in surface layer. The activities of human had strong affection on faunal composition and diversity of soil animal. On the tropics and subtropics mountains, forest soil animal are le ss in spring-summer than in autumn-winter, whereas they are more in summer-autum n than in winter-spring from warm-temperate zone to cold-temperate zone.

Distribution of the Ibex (Capra ibex) in Tomur National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang, China

lbex （Capra ibex）, a first grade protected animal, has not been well studied in China. Surveys were conducted to investigate the distribution of the ibex in the Tomur National Nature Reserve during October--November 2004, July 2005, and October-December 2005. The results were as follows： （1） Out of five valleys, the ibex was distributed in the Qiong-Tailan, Keqik-Tailan, and Muzart Valleys： （2） Ibexes were not observed in the Tomur Valley and Kuzbayi Valley in our surveys, but interview investigations indicated that they may be found here as well. Our results indicated that the nature reserve as a whole is in the distribution range of ibex and it plays an important role in protecting ibex and the alpine biodiversity. However, the uneven distribution pattern can be due to human activities. Therefore, the management of the reserve needs to be improved in the future.

Dynamic change of arborous species diversity in natural secondary forests after selective cutting on the north slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

The community characteristics of natural secondary forests on the north slope of Changbai Mountain after selective cutting were investigated, and the dynamics of arborous species diversity during the restoration period of 28 years were studied. The results showed that the arborous species richness (S) had little change and kept the range of 18-22 all along, the Simpson index (D) of the secondary layer and regeneration layer and whole stand had similar trends of change, but that of the canopy layer descended slowly in initial 15 years and had little change later, and the change of diversity index was not obvious and the Shannon-Wiener index (H? fluctuated in a very small scopes (H±10%).

Integrated Evaluation of Ecological Security at Different Scales Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Zhongxian County, the Three Gorges Area, China

Based on related literature and this research, an ecological security evaluation from the pixel scale to the small watershed or county scale was presented using remote sensing data and related models. With the driver-pressure, state and exposure to pollution-response （DPSER） model as a basis, a conceptual framework of regional ecological evaluation and an index system were established. The extraction and standardization of evaluation indices were carried out with GIS techniques, an information extraction model and a data standardization model. The conversion of regional ecological security results from the pixel scale to a small watershed or county scale was obtained with an evaluation model and a scaling model. Two conceptual scale conversion models of regional ecological security from the pixel scale to the county scale were proposed： 1） scale conversion of ecological security regime results from plxel to small watershed; and 2） scale conversion from pixel to county. These research results could provide useful ideas for regional ecological security evaluation as well as ecological and environmental management.

Pedodiversity: A Case Study Based on 1:1 Million Scale SOTER of Shandong Province, China

The diversity of soils derived from different parent materials and developed on different terrains inShandong Province, China, was analyzed with the theory of pedodiversity using a 1:1000000 scale soilsand terrain digital database (SOTER) of Shandong Province in a geographical information system (GIS)environment. Diversity index of soils derived from different parent materials followed the sequence of igneousrock ＞ sedimentary rock ＞ metamorphic rock ＞ unconsolidated material. Diversity index of soils developedon different terrains followed the sequence of plain ＞ medium-gradient mountain ＞ medium-gradient hill＞ valley floor ＞ medium-gradient escarpment zone ＞ depression ＞ high-gradient mountain. Abundancedistributions of these soil groups matched the logarithmic normal distributions.

Glacier Extent and Volume Change(1966～2000) on the Su-lo Mountain in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China

The topographic maps of 1:50,000 scales,aerial photographs taken in 1966,one Landsat image taken in 1999,and SRTM data from 2000 were used to quantify the losses in area and volume of the glaciers on the Su-lo Mountain,in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China in the past 30 years.The total glacier area decreased from 492.9km2 in 1966 to 458.2km2 in 1999.The volume loss of the studied glaciers reached 1.4 km3 from 1966 to 2000.This agrees with documented changes in other mountain glaciers of the whole Tibetan Plateau.

Patch occupancy by the Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)in a fragmented landscape

The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) is a rare, endemic bird in China, inhabiting conifer-dominated mountain forests. Both the natural fragmentation and heavy cutting of mature forests have resulted in patchy grouse habitats. We used SPOT (XS-sensor) satellite imagery to discriminate between open land and conifer or broadleaf forests. The area analyzed is about 120000 ha in size and includes the Lianhuashan Nature Reserve and the Yeliguan Forestry Park. We identiifed 4111 ha of mature coniferous forests in 229 patches (maximum 332 ha, mean 18 ha) as the habitat used by Chinese Grouse throughout the year. We examined 31 forest islands of different sizes and degrees of isolation for the presence of Chinese Grouse. We used generalized linear models (GLM) with binomial error structure and logit link function to estimate the probability of Chinese Grouse occupancy in a forest fragment. Habitat patch size (hs) and distance to the next occupied fragment (doc) were used as predictor variables, important for occupancy. Small habitat islands were disproportionately less likely to be occupied than large, nearby habitats. There was a clear speciifc habitat size of about 40 ha, above which habitat fragments were occupied more often. Suitable habitat fragments isolated by more than 2 km appeared to be inaccessible to Chinese Grouse. The results have been used in reforestation projects to establish linking corridors in the study area.

Succession Features and Dynamic Simulation of Subalpine Forest in the Gongga Mountain, China

The Gongga Mountain of eastern Tibet Plateau is a representative of the alpine regions with high peaks and deep valleys. Climate change over the last thousand years has controlled the dynamics of glacier and debris flow occurrence, which resulted in substantial changes in the mountainous environment. The authors surveyed the community structure of primary forests in Gongga Mountain and forest succession processes in woodland plots. The changing features in the subalpine environment are discussed in this paper. Tree species and sizes between the glacier shrinking areas and debris flow fans in Hailuogou Valley are compared. The pioneer species that settle in debris flow fans and the glacier shrinking areas are Salix spp. and Populus purdomii. Abies fabri and Picea brachytyla are the climax tree species. The succession process of primary vegetation in Hailuogou (2700 ~ 3200 m) can be divided into four stages: Slash surface (20~ 200 yr) Salix-Populus seeding community (10 ~ 30 yr) Populus-Salix sapling community (30 ~ 100 yr) Populus-Abies mixed community (50 ~ 100 yr) Abies-Picea climax In a natural and undisturbed environment, trees compete for light, water and nutrients. Disaster disturbance in mountains is a very important driving factor for regeneration of woody plants. Repeated destruction of forests by glacier movement or debris flows generated additional forest gaps that allow young plants to grow. In this study the Gongga Forest Succession Model (GFSM) was developed for simulation of forest community succession processes on different scales in Gongga Mountain. A soil succession module was added to the GFSM model to simulate soil formation and chemical element change of woodland. In order to represent major features of forests in Southwestern China, many field works has been done to identify ecological parameters of various trees in the subalpine region. On the basis of simulation of tree life history, the GFSM combines forest succession with soil change in both material components and nutrition content. The Monte-Carlo method was applied to simulate random weather fluctuation and the uncertainty of tree death. These modeled processes agreed with the field investigation results in this region. The elevation distribution of different tree species was also simulated; and the results are consistent with field observations of ecological features of tree species. The modeling approach reflects well the succession dynamics of primary forests in Southwestern China. These results are very useful for improving the management policies and prediction technology for restoration and conservation of primary forests in Southwestern China.

Analysis of Land Use Characteristics in Mountainous Areas in Yunnan Province Based on Second National Land Survey

Abstract Based on Second National Land Survey during 2007-2009 and land use type survey in ftatland areas, status quo of land use in mountainous areas in Yun- nan was measured, and analysis was made on land use in mountainous areas in terms of land use structure, degree and development potential, providing references for rational use of land in mountainous areas in Yunnan.

Topographic features around Zhongshan Station,southeast of Prydz Bay

Considering the complex topographic features of the southeast of Prydz Bay where China's Zhongshan Station is located,three types of geomorphologic units can be identified,i.e., submarine slopes,canyons,and terrains.The major topographic features in the study area are the submarine canyon and trough system outside the calving ice front of Dalk Glacier.A 3.8 km×80 m fissure is found on the submarine terrain at Zhongshan Anchorage,which,once triggered by geological hazards such as earthquakes and ice falls,would be a threat to the usage and maintenance of the anchorage.