政治经济学的国度性与中国政治经济学之必然

国度性是政治经济学的基本属性,但长期被人忽视或被掩盖。政治经济学的主体、对象和目的都受国度性制约。中国经济的国度性是历史形成的,是制度和文化的统一,是现实经济矛盾的集中体现。要立足中国经济的国度性,以中国国度性经济为依据和内容建构中国政治经济学:第一,从理论上概括现代中国劳动者的经济利益和意识;第二,对初级社会主义制度的规定;第三,探讨现实中国经济矛盾系统及其解决途径。

试论政治经济学的国度性

在政治经济学教科书中,对这门学科的性质,大都只提其阶级性和科学性,而没有国度性。那么,在政治经济学的研究中,是否存在国度性呢?我认为,政治经济学是有其国度性的,但被忽略了。这种忽略,是传统的社会主义政治经济学步入误区,不能为中国的经济改革和建设提供必要理论指导的主要原因之一。承认政治经济学的国度性,注重中国经济矛盾特殊性的探讨,是这门学科在中国得以发展并发挥其历史作用的重要一环。

从德国历史学派看经济学说的国度性与特殊性

长期以来,西方经济学是英美的普世经济学。而在19世纪的德国,出现了以李斯特为代表的"非主流"经济学——德国历史学派。德国历史学派的经济学家们提倡贸易保护主义,以捍卫德国产业资本的利益,并对抗亚当·斯密的经济自由主义。由此,德国的经济得以迅速发展,并在世界上占有一席之地。德国历史学派将经济理论的国度性和特殊性上升到了最高的高度。而对于中国现在出现的"依附型经济学",我们应学习德国历史学派的研究方法,为现阶段中国经济的发展提供坚实的理论基础。

中国特色政治经济学属性辨析

中国特色政治经济学是中国特色的政治经济学或中国特色的经济学,是马克思主义经济学与中国具体实际相结合的智慧结晶,是新时代下中国化的马克思主义政治经济学,即新世纪马克思主义经济学在中国的具体发展。中国特色的政治经济学,其特色主要体现在政治经济学的国度性与主体性上。国度性,即政治经济学的国家性,是一个地域性问题;主体性,即政治经济学代表一定国家范围内的特定主体的利益,是一个阶级性问题。

政治经济学方法史对中国政治经济学研究的启示

国度性是政治经济学的基本属性之一。中国政治经济学具有特殊的国度性。作为研究者,我们必须保持清醒的意识和明确的目的,并确定主义和主题,以确立中国政治经济学的主体性。中国政治经济学的创新,要以方法的创新为内在条件,而政治经济学方法的创新又要立足于哲学方法的创新。现代哲学创新就是以现代劳动者为主体,对现代人类社会矛盾的新特点在抽象层次上进行概括,形成新的哲学观念和方法论,以导引劳动者的觉悟和解放运动。通过方法创新,中国政治经济学形成自己的科学方法,这就是辩证法具体化的内生外化的系统抽象法,进而以此确立中国政治经济学的主题,规定中国政治经济学的范畴,构成总的中国政治经济学体系。

当代中国政治经济学发展思路探析

从20世纪90年代初至今,我国学界对中国政治经济学的发展思路一直存在着激烈的争论:是无限西化还是有限西化。实际上,在探究中国政治经济学的发展思路时,我们应该首先考虑中国政治经济学的主体性和国度性。在阶级和国家尚还存在的人类社会发展阶段,研究主体的阶级立场规定了政治经济学的主体性,研究对象的国别特殊性又规定了政治经济学的国度性。当代中国政治经济学的主体性在于其研究主体应该代表中国劳动者的利益,中国政治经济学的国度性在于其研究对象应该是中国的经济矛盾,这就决定了中国政治经济学发展的思路,既不能是无限西化,也不能是有限西化,而应该是内生外化,即立足中国国情,从中国劳动者的立场、利益和意识来揭示与论证中国特殊的经济矛盾。

历史学派“历史的方法”对中国少数民族经济研究的启示

德国历史学派"历史的方法"从德国自己的民族实际出发研究经济学,强调经济研究的国度特殊性。同样,中国民族经济学的研究也应强调国度特殊性,即研究主体的国度性和研究对象的国度性。中国少数民族经济研究是中国民族经济学研究的一部分,其国度特殊性体现在研究对象人的特殊性上。人的特殊性包括如民族所处地理环境、拥有的自然资源、所属文化氛围等方面。中国少数民族经济研究要突出研究对象的主体特殊性,即民族性。在方法上,强调一切从实际出发的方法论,借鉴交叉学科的研究方法和历史研究的方法,既要注重数理统计方法的应用,又要采用民族学、人类学的研究方法。自始至终,我们应坚持民族性这个特殊性来研究少数民族经济学,任何脱离民族主体去研究少数民族经济的观点都是要受到质疑的。

Construction controlling and strength increasing characteristics of locally developed epoxy asphalt mixture

The construction controlling elements,including construction performance at low ambient temperatures,reserved time ranges,and the strength increasing rule,for locally developed epoxy asphalt mixture（LDEAM） are studied through laboratory tests.Air void and Marshall stability are chosen as the performance measures for evaluating the construction quality.The wheel rolling test is used to simulate the actual construction situations,while the Marshall test and the Brookfield viscosity test are adopted to study the strength increasing rule.The experimental results reveal that the LDEAM can be constructed under a low ambient temperature condition of 10℃,and its longest reserved time is 70 min at a reserved temperature of 120℃.Test also shows that the strength of the LDEAM increases with time and temperature before cured.Finally,the theoretical reason for the strength increasing rule is analyzed on the basis of the organic chemistry theory.

Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff of Kaidu River, Xinjiang, China:A Multiple Time-scale Analysis

This paper applied an integrated method combining grey relation analysis, wavelet analysis and statistical analysis to study climate change and its effects on runoff of the Kaidu River at multi-time scales. Major findings are as follows: 1) Climatic factors were ranked in the order of importance to annual runoff as average annual temperature, average temperature in autumn, average temperature in winter, annual precipitation, precipitation in flood season, average temperature in summer, and average temperature in spring. The average annual temperature and annual precipi- tation were selected as the two representative factors that impact the annual runoff. 2) From the 32-year time scale, the annual runoff and the average annual temperature presented a significantly rising trend, whereas the annual precipita- tion showed little increase over the period of 1957-2002. By changing the time scale from 32-year to 4-year, we ob- served nonlinear trends with increasingly obvious oscillations for annual runoff, average annual temperature, and annual precipitation. 3) The changes of the runoff and the regional climate are closely related, indicating that the runoff change is the result of the regional climate changes. With time scales ranging from 32-year, 16-year, 8-year and to 4-year, there are highly significant linear correlations between the annual runoff and the average annual temperature and the annual precipitation.

Bacterial diversity, composition and temporal-spatial variation in the sediment of Jiaozhou Bay, China

Studies on the diversity and distribution of bacterial populations will improve the overall understanding of the global patterns of marine bacteria and help to comprehend local biochemical processes and environments. We evaluated the composition and the dynamics of bacterial communities in the sediment of Jiaozhou Bay （China） using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Sediment samples were collected from 10 different sites in May, August, and November 2008 and in February 2009. There was significant temporal variation in bacterial community composition at all sites. However, the spatial variation was very small. The DGGE analyses of bacterial communities were used to divide the 10 stations into three types. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） revealed that the changes in bacterial communities were driven by sediment properties. Sequence analysis of DGGE band-derived 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant bacterial groups in the sediment were of the classes ~,-proteobacteria and ~3-proteobacteria and phyla Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae. Our results provide considerable insight into the bacterial community structure in Jiaozhou Bay, China.

Quantitative Analysis of Relationships Between Crack Characteristics and Properties of Soda-saline Soils in Songnen Plain, China

The Songnen Plain has a typical soda-saline soil, which often shrinks and cracks under natural conditions during water evaporation. This study aims to analyze the relationships between the crack characteristics and the soil properties of soda-saline soils quantitatively, and attempts to establish prediction models for the main soil properties of soda-saline soils based on the results. In order to achieve these objectives, a desiccation cracking test was conducted using 17 soil specimens with different salinity levels under controlled laboratory conditions. Correlation analysis was then performed between the crack characteristics and the soil properties. The results indicate that the crack characteristics can well represent the surface appearances of cracked soils, they also can well distinguish the salinity levels of soda-saline soils while the clay contents and mineralogical compositions of soils are stable. Among the crack characteristics, crack length has the best relationships with the salinity levels of soda-saline soils. Specifically, the crack length has high correlation(R2 > 0.87) with the electrical conductivity(EC), Na+, CO32– and the salinity, it also has reasonable relationship(R2 > 0.68) with HCO3–, this indicates crack length can be well used for the prediction of these properties of soda-saline soils.

Cost-benefit timing for applying slurry seal on actual roadway tests in China

Determining the optimal timing is the core of preventive maintenance. Highway agencies always face with the challenge of determining optimal timing for preventive maintenance, particularly in China where there are no condition indicators designed for determining adequate timing for applying preventive maintenance and little literature relating to the development of pavement performance. This work presented the indicators, including crack ratio （Rc）, rutting depth （DR）, international roughness index （IIR） and sideway force coefficient （CsF） to determine the adequate timing for preventive maintenance in China. The proper ranges of each indicator to apply to preventive maintenance were then recommended. They are 0.28%-1.4% for Rc, 10-15 mm for DR, 1.97-3.5 for lrR, 40--50 for CSF. Based on pavement condition survey data collected on the test roads in Hebei Province, China, on the application of slurry seal at different timings, the pavement performance was established and the adequate timings for applying slurry seal was studied. Based on benefit-cost analysis, it is suggested that the fourth year is the optimal timing for applying slurry seal based on the condition in China. A framework is established to determine the adequate timings of applying other preventive maintenance methods.

Quantile Trends in Temperature Extremes in China

A number of recent studies have examined trends in extreme temperature indices using a linear regression model based on ordinary least-squares. In this study, quantile regression was, for the first time, applied to examine the trends not only in the mean but also in all parts of the distribution of several extreme temperature indices in China for the period 1960–2008. For China as a whole, the slopes in almost all the quantiles of the distribution showed a notable increase in the numbers of warm days and warm nights, and a significant decrease in the number of cool nights. These changes became much faster as the quantile increased. However, although the number of cool days exhibited a significant decrease in the mean trend estimated by classical linear regression, there was no obvious trend in the upper and lower quantiles. This finding suggests that examining the trends in different parts of the distribution of the time-series is of great importance. The spatial distribution of the trend in the 90 th quantile indicated that there was a pronounced increase in the numbers of warm days and warm nights, and a decrease in the number of cool nights for most of China, but especially in the northern and western parts of China, while there was no significant change for the number of cool days at almost all the stations.

Chemical Characteristics and Environmental Significance of Fresh Snow Deposition on Urumqi Glacier No.1 of Tianshan Mountains, China

Ice and snow chemistry of alpine glaciers is crucial for the research of regional atmospheric environment change. Fresh snow samples were weekly collected from Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains, Xin- jiang, China, and the chemical characteristics and seasonal variations of major ions, mineral dust, δ18O and trace metals were measured. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow are Ca2+ > SO42-> NH4+ > NO3-> Cl-> Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, in which Ca2+ is the dominant cation, and SO42-is the dominant anion. All major ions have close positive correlations with each other except NO3-. δ18O shows positive correlation with air temperature change during the study period. Mineral dust particle and major ionic concentrations in fresh snow have obvious seasonal change, with high concentration in spring but low concentration in summer and autumn, which indicates that the chemical mass input from Asian dust activity to snow is very significant. Temporal changes of trace metals in fresh snow, e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, have shown that human-induced pollution of central Asian region also has large contribution to the snow chemistry on alpine glaciers of the Tianshan Mountains.

Genetic Variation and Differentiation in Wide Ranging Populations of Razor Clam(Sinonovacula constricta) Inferred from AFLP Markers

The genetic variation and differentiation of the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta distributed along the coast of China were studied through amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) analysis.Six primer combinations generated 193 fragments.The He values varied from 0.322 to 0.463 and the percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 74.1% to 98.4%,which indicates a high level of genetic diversity.Cluster analysis by Nei's pairwise distance grouped all specimens by geographical origins.AMOVA consistently showed that genetic variation among populations was 8.71%,and most of the variation came from the genetic variation within populations(91.29%).Genetic differentiation among the six populations was moderate;pairwise FST ranged from 0.0282 to 0.1480,which indicated that S.constricta populations along the coast of China are genetically connected.Among all the six populations,the Beihai population is the mostly differentiated from the others,suggesting that Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula act as barriers to gene flow.All populations abide isolation by distance model as indicated by Mantel test,except for ZS(Zhoushan) and YQ(Yueqing) populations.Information obtained in this study will provide guidelines for conservation and fishery management of this species in the future.

Distribution of diatoms and silicoflagellates in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and offshore from the Changjiang River, China

The spatial distribution of siliceous microfossils （diatoms and silicoflagellates） in the surface sediments was mapped at 113 sites in the Yellow Sea and sea areas adjacent to the Chang^iang （Yangtze） River, China. In total, 267 diatom taxa and two silicoflagellate species were identified from the sediments. The spatial variations in abundance and diversity were classified into three distinct geographic patterns using Q mode clustering： a south-north geographic pattern, a coastal-offshore pattern and a unique pattern in the Changjiang River mouth. The south-north geographic pattern was related to the spatial variations in sea temperature. Coscinodiscus oculatus, a warm-water species, indicated these variations by a gradual decrease in abundance from the south to the north. The coastal-offshore pattern was in response to the spatiaJ variations in salinity. Cyclotella stylorum, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Dictyocha messanensis, the dominant brackish species in coastal waters, significantly decreased at the isobaths of approximately 30 m, where the salinity was higher than 31. Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger indicated the impact of the Yellow Sea Warm Current in the central Yellow Sea. The unique pattern in the Changjiang River mouth showed the highest species diversity but lower abundance, apparently because： freshwater input can significantly increase the proportion of brackish species; nutrients can supply the growth ofphytoplankton; and high sedimentation rates can dilute the mierofossil abundance in the sediments. Our results show that an integration of environmental factors （e.g., nutrient levels, sedimentation rate, sea temperature, salinity and water depth） determined the spatial characteristics of the siliceous micro fossils in the surface sediments.

Pathways of mesoscale variability in the South China Sea

The propagation of oceanic mesoscale signals in the South China Sea(SCS) is mapped from satellite altimetric observations and an eddy-resolving global ocean model by using the maximum cross-correlation(MCC) method.Significant mesoscale signals propagate along two major bands of high variability.The northern band is located west of the Luzon Strait,characterized by southwestward eddy propagation.Although eddies are the most active in winter,their southwestward migrations,steered by bathymetry,occur throughout the year.Advection by the mean flow plays a secondary role in modulating the propagating speed.The southern eddy band lies in the southwest part of the SCS deep basin and is oriented in an approximately meridional direction.Mesoscale variability propagates southward along the band in autumn.This southward eddy pathway could not be explained by mean flow advection and is likely related to eddy detachments from the western boundary current due to nonlinear effects.Our mapping of eddy propagation velocities provides important information for further understanding eddy dynamics in the SCS.

Policy variables affecting marginal level of low carbon employment: an empirical study based on provincial data of China

Low Carbon Employment is an inevitable choice for the purpose of ＂energy-saving and emission reduction＂ and ＂promoting employment＂. By Multi-variable Linear Backward Regression method, this study presents an empirical analysis of the emplovment impact of policy variables indexes that involves economic pull, industry upgrading, population development, technical inputs and so on. The paper demonstrates that wide range offactors will affect low carbon employment, that industry upgrading will affect how carbon employment remarkably, that to increase years of people education will notably improve low carbon employment level of secondary vocational-technical labor, and that to raise technical inputs will significantly enhance college students＇ low carbon employment.

Vulnerability of Water Resources and Its Spatial Heterogeneity in Haihe River Basin, China

To manage water resources effectively, a multiscale assessment of the vulnerability of water resources on the basis of political boundaries and watersheds is necessary. This study addressed issues on the vulnerability of water resources and provided a multiscale comparison of spatial heterogeneity under a climate change background. Using improved quantitative evaluation methods of vulnerabil- ity, the Theil index and the Shannon-Weaver index, we evaluated the vulnerability of water resources and its spatial heterogeneity in the Haihe River Basin in four scales, namely, second-class water resource regions （Class II WRRs）, third-class water resource regions （Class III WRRs）, Province-Class II WRRs, and Province-Class III WRRs. Results show that vulnerability enhances from the north to south in the different scales, and shows obvious spatial heterogeneity instead of moving toward convergence in multiscale assessment results. Among the Class II WRRs, the Tuhai-Majia River is the most vulnerable area, and the vulnerability of the Luanhe River is lower than that of the north of the Haihe River Basin, which in turn is lower than that of the south of the Haihe River Basin. In the scales of Class III WRRs and Province-Class III WRRs, the vulnerability shows obvious spatial heterogeneity and diversity measured by the Theil index and the Shannon-Weaver index. Multiscale vulnerability assessment results based on political boundaries and the watersheds of the Haihe River Basin innovatively provided in this paper are important and useful to characterize the real spatial pattern of the vulnerability of water resources and improve water resource management.

Seasonal variation in community structure and body length of dominant copepods around artificial reefs in Xiaoshi Island,China

This study aims to investigate the seasonal variations in copepod community structure and prosome length of dominant species from March 2009 to January 2010 around artificial reefs in Xiaoshi Island, Yellow Sea, Weihai, China. Samples were collected using two types of plankton net （Model I and Model II） for different-sized copepods. The number of taxon was calculated from the data of both the net types, while the copepod abundance was done using the samples from Model II only. Sixteen species of planktonic copepods, including 5 dominant species, were recorded. Results reveal that Oithona similis was the first dominant species from March to June, and was replaced by Paracalanus parvus in September; both dominated the copepod community in January. Acartia hongi was the second dominant species from March to September. Centropages abdominalis was the third dominant species from March to June, and was replaced by O. sirnilis in September and Corycaeus aJfinis in January. C. affinis was the fourth dominant species in September. Population density of the dominant copepods was compared with that of other similar regions. We found that the dominant species were mostly small copepods （〈1 mm） except for adult Centrapages abdominalis. Seasonal variation in prosome length of O. similis, C. abdominalis, and C. affinis, and their copepodites were studied for the first time in China. For P. parvus and A. hongi, seasonal trends in prosome length variation were similar with those in Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea, Qingdao, China, in a similar temperate domain. The results are helpful for future calculation of copepod biomass and production, and for investigation of the relationship between copepods and fish resources.