“国母教育”下的叛徒——民初女性“独身小说”现代性浅析

近代启蒙思想家为了国家复兴而提倡"国母教育",强调女子作为"女国民"在保国善种方面的责任与义务,但却忽略了女性自身的解放与发展的需要。这期间,部分女性小说家却开始怀疑现有主流教育目的的合理性以及反思新女性的人生意义。她们笔下的女主人公放弃了传统女性执着守望的婚姻家庭,重新寻找自己新的精神归宿,而独身成为了她们反抗男权社会、摆脱依附地位、实现女性自我的表达方式。

实至而名自归——对宋庆龄“国母”称呼来由的历史考察

宋庆龄与孙中山婚后共同生活10年,其间宋庆龄始终陪伴孙先生奔走革命,担任记录、翻译等工作,十分低调.孙先生逝世后,历史把宋庆龄推上了维护真正的三民主义理想和旗帜的地位.在20世纪20 ～ 40年代中的几个关键时刻,宋庆龄都站在革命、团结、进步的思想高地,尽最大努力推动中国走向光明.她是中华民族和中国人民的优秀女儿,具有开阔的视野、博大的胸襟、深沉的爱心,为中国的民族复兴事业做出了独特的贡献,因此中国青年学生、军人和民主进步人士尊其为国母,其来有自且名副其实.中外历史上拥有开国领袖夫人光环的女性甚多,然而光环不足以保证她们得到民众的真心爱戴,只有具备中外文化精华素养,了然人类社会进步大势,尤其是公而忘私、光明磊落,始终与国家、民族、民众命运与共的女性,才会为领袖、民族、国家增色,才当得起“母亲”和“瑰宝”等尊称.

从“宋代国母”到“海上圣娘”——越南“四位圣娘”传说的起源及演变

越南“四位圣娘”传说起源于中国历史人物——南宋末代杨太后蹈海殉国的传说故事。从“四位圣娘”传说相关文本材料和田野调查来看,随着时间和空间的转移,“四位圣娘”传说超越了国母誓死护朝的历史故事模式,并逐步演变成为具有越南本土特色的海神信仰故事。“四位圣娘”传说的起源及演变在越南的民间传说中颇具特色,体现了中越文化的交流与融合,较为突出地反映了一个外来传说的越南化进程。

国母的情怀

宋庆龄的英文秘书张珏晚年回忆她在宋庆龄身边工作的15年,朝夕相处中的所闻所见,始终难忘宋庆龄那封写了一个通宵,亲自起草并签名的证明信,让她送给对外友协的国际友人艾黎。她清楚地记得,那是1968年8月31日夜晚,一个不眠之夜。第二天一早,宋庆龄将她连夜赶写的亲笔信递到张珏的手里,千叮咛万嘱咐,要她送信路上注意有没有人跟踪;再三关照,要她早去早回。那天,她送信途中像做地下工作一样.

Changes in the small-jellyfish community in recent decades in Jiaozhou Bay, China

We used long term monitoring data to evaluate changes in abundance and species dominance of small-jellyfish (collected with zooplankton net whose bell diameter was less than 5 cm) between 1991 and 2009 in the Jiaozhou Bay, China. Zooplankton samples were vertically towed with conical plankton net from near-bottom to surface, identified microscopically, and mapped in time-space using Grapher 7.0 and Surfer 8.0. Results show that the abundance of small-jellyfish throughout the bay had been increasing during 2001-2009 on average of 15.2 ind./m 3 , almost 5 times higher than that between 1991 and 2000. The occurrence of peak abundance shifted from spring to summer after 2000, and two peaks appeared in spring and summer, respectively, after 2005. Both the abundance and the frequency of blooms of small-jellyfish increased after 2000 in the bay. In addition, the biodiversity of jellyfish has increased significantly in recent years with a change in dominant species. Several new dominant species appeared after 2000, including Rathkae octopunctata in winter, Phialidium hemisphaericum in spring, summer, and autumn, Phialucium carolinae in spring, and Pleurobrachia globosa in summer and autumn, while some previous dominant species throughout the 1990s (Eirene ceylonensis, Zanclea costata, Lovenella assimilis, and Muggiaea atlantica) were no longer dominant after 2000. The abundance of small-jellyfish was positively correlated with the density of dinoflagellates, and the abundance of zooplankton. We believe that the changes in smalljellyfish abundance and species composition were the result of eutrophication, aquaculture and coastal construction activities around the bay. Concurrently, seawater warming and salinity decrease in recent decades promoted the growth and reproduction of small-jellyfish in the bay.

Low level of galacto-oligosaccharide in infant formula stimulates growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli

AIM: To investigate the effect of a new infant formula supplemented with a low level (0.24 g/100 mL) of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on intestinal micro-flora (Bif idobacteria, Lactobacilli and E. coli) and fermentation characteristics in term infants, compared with human milk and a standard infant formula without GOS. METHODS: Term infants (n = 371) were approached in this study in three hospitals of China. All infants started breast-feeding. Those who changed to formula-feeding within 4 wk after birth were randomly assigned to one of the two formula groups. Growth and stool characteristics, and side effects that occurred in recruited infants were recorded in a 3-mo follow-up period. Fecal samples were collected from a subpopulation of recruited infants for analysis of intestinal bacteria (culture technique), acetic acid (gas chromatography) and pH (indicator strip). RESULTS: After 3 mo, the intestinal Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli , acetic acid and stool frequency were significantly increased, and fecal pH was decreased in infants fed with the GOS-formula or human milk, compared with those fed with the formula withoutGOS. No significant differences were observed between the GOS formula and human milk groups. Supplementation with GOS did not influence the incidence of crying, regurgitation and vomiting. CONCLUSION: A low level of GOS (0.24 g/100 mL) in infant formula can improve stool frequency, decrease fecal pH, and stimulate intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli as in those fed with human milk.

Preparing EFL Learners for Native English-Speaking Context Through Vocabulary Learning： Two Chinese Cases in New Zealand

While numerous studies in English as a second/foreign language （EFL） have examined vocabulary learning and teaching in the perspective of theories and practical tips, there is a paucity of research on the impact of high-frequency words learning on preparing new EFL residents for the life in English-speaking countries. In order to fill this gap, this study draws on the experience of two EFL learners in New Zealand （NZ）, so as to explore the effectiveness of a 16-week daily-English-focused vocabulary learning program, which might generate useful implications about the effective adaption of new EFL residents to their target countries.

The Emotional Approach of Foreign Vowel Acquisition Within the Example of British English Vowels

The aim of the article is to present results of research that was performed with 97 Polish students of the second and third year of English Philology. The purpose of the research is to examine how conscious manipulation of facial expressions aids acquisition of foreign vowels by learners, regardless of their native language and the culture they have been brought up in. Taking advantage of achievements derived from such disciplines as psychology of emotions and phonetics depicted as a physical process, an attempt is made to find a tool that improves teaching/learning of foreign vowels, that is to say, an effort is put in search of a useful method to make the phonetic process faster and more accurate. Teachers of English are encouraged to put the method, which is described in detail in the paper, into practice with their own mother languages and to share opinions about the method with colleagues. Similarly, it is believed that it can be applied to courses of other languages than just English. Teachers of those languages are encouraged to try to use it, too.

On the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Speaking People in Their Thinking Modes from the Perspective of Second Language Acquisition

The recent years have witnessed increasing opportunities for people from various cultural backgrounds to communicate with each other, which is naturally based on a general grasp of cultural knowledge and communicative techniques in cross-cultural settings. However, there often exist cultural clashes in such cases, especially between Chinese and English speaking people, which are deeply rooted in the wide differences in their languages and thinking modes. Indeed, this also serves to be an important part in the acquisition of the English culture for Chinese students in the current educational climate. The paper is intended to provide a contrastive analysis of the major cultural differences between Chinese and English speaking people in their thinking modes in three aspects of the descriptive versus the formal, the concrete versus the abstract, and the practical versus the logical form the linguistic perspective. And the paper comes to the conclusion that a general understanding of these significant differences may enable Chinese-speaking people and English-speaking people to establish a more efficient communication with each other.

Culture Differences Reflected in the Novel The Kitchen God＇s Wife by Amy Tan

The paper is to study the culture differences in the novel The Kitchen God＇s Wife by Amy Tan. Amy Tan was an oversea Chinese. Her mother was born and grew in old China. With the influences of her mother, Tan＇s novel inevitably reflects the Chinese culture. For herself, she was born and grew up in the States; she has been influenced by the American culture. So in her novel both the Chinese culture and American culture can be found. In this paper, the Chinese culture will mainly be talked about and analyzed, with some slight of American culture mentioned. The paper will start with the definition of culture, and the implication and features of Chinese and American culture will be explained. In the body of the paper, the typical symbols and manifestation of Chinese culture will be shown. And the conclusion is the main character＇s acceptance of the two cultures in the end.

Comparative Study on the Recognition of English-Only Classes by Native English Speakers in Korean and Taiwan Residents Elementary Schools

This study is a comparative research regarding English-only classes by native English speakers at the elementary schools in two countries, Korea and Taiwan. These two countries tried to introduce as well as adapt English education and policy toward globalization. First of all, the two initiated mandatory elementary English education and then acknowledged the significance of English CLT （Communication Language Teaching）. Thus, curriculum and policy for English education based on globalization oriented to the introduction of English native speakers and English-only classes. Based on these situations, Korea created EPIK （English Program in Korea） and NEST （Native English Speaking Teacher） respectively for inviting English native teachers. In the similar educational conditions, the recognitions of elementary school students of Korea and Taiwan regarding on English-only classes by native English speakers showed the relatively meaningful results. Compared with Taiwan Residents students, first, Korean students have greater ability in understanding of English-only class. Second, Korean students respond that native English speaking teachers＇ class helps them improve English better. Third, Korean students tend to use Korean and English together to improve their understanding. Fourth, Korean students respond English-only class reduces fear about English. Fifth, Korean students experience less difficulties in communicating with native English speaking teachers due to culture differences. Korean elementary students relatively have a higher understanding rate about native English speaking teacher＇s class.

Macrobenthic community structure and species composition in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in jellyfi sh bloom

To understand the characteristics of macrobenthic structures and the relationship between environment and benthic assemblages in jellyfish bloom, we studied the macrobenthos and related environmental factors in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Data were collected during two seasonal cruises in April and August of 2011, and analyzed with multivariate statistical methods. Up to 306 macrobenthic species were registered from the research areas, including 115 species of Polychaeta, 78 of Crustacea, 61 of Mollusca, 30 of Echinodermata, and 22 of other groups. Nine polychaete species occurred at frequencies higher than 25% from the sampling stations： Lumbrineris longifolia, Notomastus latericeus, Nin6e palmata, Ophelina acuminata, Nephtys oligobranchia, Onuphis geophiliformis, Glycera chirori, Terebellides stroemii, and Aricidea fragilis. Both the average biomass and abundance of macrobenthos are higher in August （23.8 g/m^2 and 237.7 ind./m^2） than those in April （11.3 g/m^2 and 128 ind./m^2）; the dissimilarity ofmacrobenthic structures among stations is as high as 70%. In terms of the dissimilarity values, we divided the stations into four clusters in spring and eight in summer. The ABC curve shows that the macrofauna communities in high jellyfish abundance were not changed. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that depth, temperature, median grain size, total organic carbon of sediment and total nitrogen in sediment were important factors affecting the macrozoobenthic community in the study area.

LETTERS

Ilove being able to keep up with the latest China news via your magazine,even from so far away.I am a professor and I am writing to let you know that both teachers and students of our college enjoy reading your magazine,especially the column＂Characteristic Chinese,＂which helps us to learn more about Chinese language and culture.Although reading reports online is very convenient,we still enjoy receiving China Today regularly by post.

Geology and fluid inclusion characteristics of Qilishan gold deposit in Zhaoyuan of Shandong,China

The Qilishan gold deposit is located in the southern Zhaolai gold ore belt in the northwestern Jiaodong region.A total of seven gold ore bodies have been found in the mining area.Linglong gneissic biotite granite and the NE trending Lingbei fracture control the output and distribution of the gold deposit.The ore bodies with veined or irregular shape occur in the structural alteration zone.The ore bodies of different sizes are NE trending and SE dipping.The constituent minerals of the ores mainly include pyrite,chalcopyrite,native gold,electrum,argentite,matildite,hematite,quartz and calcite.The ores are characterized by metasomatic dissolution structure,as well as veined and brecciated structures.The ore-forming process is divided into four stages,namely quartz-,pyrite-,polymetallic-and carbonate stages.Study on fluid inclusion shows that the deposit is composed of gas-liquid two-phase inclusions （Ⅰ） and three-phase inclusions containing CO2 （Ⅱ）,and that the former dominates.The homogenization temperature is 259.6℃-373.7℃ ; the salinity of three-phase inclusions containing CO2is 5.77%-9.84% （NaCl） ; the salinity of gas-liquid two-phase inclusions is 6.58%-8.54% （NaCl） ; and the estimated ore-forming pressure is 55.2-82.2 MPa.According to the nonlinear relationship between the depth and pressure of the fluid in the fracture zone,the ore-forming depth of the Qilishan gold deposit is calculated as 5.95-7.14 km.It is preliminarily determined that the deposit is a mesophilic and hypothermal gold deposit.

A genre analysis of medical abstracts by Chinese and English native speakers

This study presents statistical results of a comparison between English abstracts in a leading intemational medical journal and those in a Chinese one. With a genre analysis and discussion of linguistic features of these abstracts, the paper points out the weak points in the abstracts by Chinese writers and provides some suggestions for writing abstracts of medical research articles

The Onset of Puberty in Indigenous Gilts in the North-East of Thailand Confirmed by the First Ovulation

This experiment was aimed to investigate some changes of ovarian structure in order to confirm the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts. Fifty female animals collected from the North-Eastern area of Thailand were slaughtered in the different age groups as 0, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 months of age, respectively （each group = 5 pigs）, for monitoring corpus luteum （CL） occurrence on ovarian surface and some changes of reproductive structure. CL was clearly found for the first time in the 4.5 months age group （P 〈 0.05） which was defined as the first ovulation; nevertheless, group of follicles with 〉 2.0 mm in diameter appeared for the first time in the 3.5 month age group （P 〈 0.05）. For other conformations, size of uterine horns, oviducts or ovaries, including weight of ovaries or whole reproductive tracts, were significantly developed （P 〈 0.05） that was initially taken place in the 3.5 months age group onwards. Thus, it was summarized that the onset of puberty in Thai indigenous gilts, affirmed by CL appearance at the first time, should be happened between 4.0 and 4.5 months of age; however, the development of reproductive structure and follicles to prepare in approaching puberty should be started before 3.5 months of age.

The Effect of TV Captions on the Comprehension of Non-Native Saudi Learners of English

This paper investigates the effectiveness of closed captioning in aiding Saudi students who are learning ESL （English as a second language）. Research was carried out in a qualitative manner, and participants were 12 Saudi students pursuing their studies at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA （IUP）. Participants in the study were asked to compose a narrative after viewing a 5-minute film segment, both with and without captioning. Their responses were then analyzed, and results indicated that while captions may aid one in comprehension, they also tend to limit one＇s interpretations, reaffirming the nature of written language as an authoritative source of information.

＂They Are Kind of Like Magic＂ Why U.S. Mothers Use Baby Videos With 12- to 24-Month-Olds

Although the American Academy of Pediatrics （AAP） recommends no ＂screen time＂ for children under age of two, parents in the US are ignoring this edict. Routinely, mothers are exposing their babies to media crafted specifically for this age group. This study seeks to ascertain the reason. What beliefs do mothers hold regarding the marketing of such media and the expected benefits to their young ones？ How does the use of videos such as Baby Einstein benefit the mother？ Although mothers reported that video creators want them to think the videos are educational, they are skeptical. However, they continue to let babies watch this ＂safe＂ content. Among the 28 mothers interviewed for this project, only four claimed to always watch with their child; the remainder used ＂video time＂ to do household chores. Overwhelmingly, mothers heard positive comments about videos from fellow parents, but rarely heard from their pediatricians about possible negative effects on the under-two＇ s.

Factors Influencing Breast-Feeding Among Women in China

Although a well-established association between breast-feeding and a range of positive health outcomes in children has been demonstrated, less attention has been paid under China circumstance, especially what factors will influence breast-feeding behavior among Chinese women from empirical perspective has not been explored yet. In this paper, survival analysis with duration model is applied to find out the main determinants. The well-known China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） dataset fits for this study since it has plenty information about breast-feeding and children. Family income, age, education level, and maternity leave are found to he the main determinants which have significant effects on the breast-feeding behavior, also the gender of infant plays an important role which is for Chinese-specific cases. The opportunity cost for women with higher education level and higher income, especially in urban areas is so high that they have to shorten the duration of breastfeeding their children. The probability of breast-feeding her child is decreasing with the aging of mother.

Courtesy Language Research Based on Letter Style

Politeness principle, cooperation principle, social protocols, guidelines on the session, face preservation contract theory, as well as ＂politeness five criteria＂ of Chinese characteristics, and a series of principles and theories related to domestic and foreign research polite language provides a solid foundation, rich nutrients and scientific way of thinking for Chinese ＂polite language＂. This article combined with stylistic letter, takes ＂Fu Lei Letter＂ as the corpus to study online behavior polite language.