The urban developments have been carried out by only professionals for a long time because of efficiency and safety. However, most residents are ordinary people. Therefore, it is necessary to change the awareness of s...The urban developments have been carried out by only professionals for a long time because of efficiency and safety. However, most residents are ordinary people. Therefore, it is necessary to change the awareness of sustainable living environments, not only on the construction side but also the residents. In recent years, the number of cases of residents＇ participation in planning, maintaining, and repairing increased. However, sometimes youths and children, who might spend a lifetime longer than adults in a city after the developments have been done, are not included in this ＂Residents＂. Conceming youth and children＇s participation, CFC （child friendly city） is one of the good practices for sustainable development. It was launched by UNICEF （United Nations Intemational Children＇s Emergency Fund） and UN-Habitat in the Habitat II in 1996. City governments, especially in European countries, started to view CFC as their key concept for preservation and/or sustainable development. CFC means not only being ＂Children＂ friendly but also ＂All people＂ friendly. Various effects have been reported since the Historic Cities/districts included CFC in their city planning as a common concept, especially in education, community re-development, and operation and maintenance by the community. It is expected that better city planning in preservation and sustainable development can be achieved by adding CFC concept. In this research, an ideal way of city planning involving resident participation and the possibility in the future are analyzed based on case studies. Then a strategy of sustainable development and community planning involving youth and children＇s participation is proposed.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the current cornea donation awareness of tissue donors in the city of Nanjing, China Methods Altogether 2000 registered tissue donors in the Red Cross Eye Bank of Nanjing by the end of 2010 and ...Objective To evaluate the current cornea donation awareness of tissue donors in the city of Nanjing, China Methods Altogether 2000 registered tissue donors in the Red Cross Eye Bank of Nanjing by the end of 2010 and 2000 control residents of Nanjing in February to June 2011 were randomly selected to par- ticipate in our field questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the understand- ing of cornea donation, the attitude toward cornea donation, and attitude toward legislation and free dona- tion. The awareness of cornea donation between the registered tissue donors and residents was compared. Related factors of the willingness to donate corneas and to become a tissue donor were evaluated with uni- variate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 1867 （response rate： 93.4%） tissue donors and 1796 （response rate： 89.8%; ef- fective questionnaires： 1697） residents participated in this survey. For the questions about the knowledge of cornea donation, 90.3% tissue donors （residents： 78.9%） knew that donated corneas could be used for transplantations; 71.2% tissue donors （residents： 47.6%） knew that the appearance would not be destroyed after cornea donation; 70.7% tissue donors （residents： 20.0%） knew the formalities to become a cornea do- nor. For attitude toward cornea donation, 82.2% tissue donors （residents： 45.1%） were willing to donate corneas or eyeballs after death; 84.0% tissue donors （residents： 30.2%） had discussed with their families about donation; 85.1% tissue donors （residents： 24.8%） supported their families＇ or friends＇ cornea donation For attitude toward legislation and free donation, 88.3% tissue donors （residents： 61.3%） approved of legis- lation to regular cornea donation; 72.2% tissue donors （residents： 38.8%） thought that cornea or organ do- nation should be gratis. The difference between two groups was significant （P〈0.001）. However, some tissue donors did not know cornea donation well, some even opposed the legislation of cornea donation and free donation protocol. For the factors influencing the willingness to donate corneas, population was the mostrelevant factor （P〈0.O01）, since tissue donors were more willing to donate corneas than residents. Other significantly related factor were age, gender, occupation, and education level （P〈0.001 ）, while political status or religion were not significant. For the factors related to becoming a tissue donor, older age, male, white-collars （including white-collar, civil servant, teacher, soldier, lawyer, salesman, healthcare provider）, higher education level, party members （including the Chinese Communist Party members, democratic party members, and the CommunistYouth League members） （P〈0.05）. Conclusions The registered tissue donors have better understanding and more positive attitude to- wards cornea donation than control residents do. They approve of the legislation of cornea donation and free donation protocol. It may be more effective to target the population of over 58 years old, male, white-collars, well-educated people, and party members in the promotion of cornea donation.展开更多
The implementation of pasture contracting policies in the Tibetan Plateau has been of widespread concern in the scientific community and related government departments. Studying the effects of the implementation of pa...The implementation of pasture contracting policies in the Tibetan Plateau has been of widespread concern in the scientific community and related government departments. Studying the effects of the implementation of pasture contracting policies will help us understand herders' attitudes toward those policies and to amend existing policies effectively.This paper analyzes 135 herder families' grazing management behavior using participatory rural appraisal(PRA), quantitative analysis and a Logistic regression model in three townships of Nagqu County in remote areas of the Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that the herders have become settled and are no longer nomadic, so the settlement project has basically been completed and the policy of contracting for grazing rights is being gradually implemented in Nagqu County. Since the grazing rights and pastures were under contract, group-based management has been widely accepted in this area, which helps the herders deal with constraints, such as limited pasture area, a small grazing radius, controlled family animal husbandry and an uneven distribution of water. The herders that have more family members available for labor, higher proportion of family members with good health, and higher income from animal husbandry tend to choose household-based management.Herders tend to choose group-based management when higher quality winter pastures are available.展开更多
Global governance is often equated with international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank that were established after World War II to address problems transcending national borders. While these ...Global governance is often equated with international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank that were established after World War II to address problems transcending national borders. While these institutions incorporate norms of representative democracy that evolved in national societies, their legitimacy is often questioned on grounds of limited effectiveness and remoteness from the citizens they purportedly serve. The arguments of many democratic theorists that deliberation among ordinary citizens can legitimize policies that heed these views thus bear important implications for global governance. In this paper, the possibility and different ways that civil society enhancing public participation, transparency and accountability in global governance are addressed. The empirical focus will be on the world＇s first global deliberation--WWViews （world wide views on global warming） that was held in 38 countries with all inhabited continents in 2009. The social drivers that encourage innovation in global democratic governance are analysed, as the main successes and challenges of WWViews and sketch three scenarios of the future of deliberative global governance are based on the experiences and plans around global citizen participation. The authors argue that despite some challenges, such as ensuring high quality of deliberation in highly variant policy cultural contexts and building policy pathways conducive to political impact, the prospects of deliberation in helping solve global environmental and policy problems are high, and likely to see cumulative progress in the near future.展开更多
Because China has been uniquely successful in pursuing maximum growth and political stability, it now faces new challenges of sustainability. The essence of sustainable development in an increasingly prosperous and co...Because China has been uniquely successful in pursuing maximum growth and political stability, it now faces new challenges of sustainability. The essence of sustainable development in an increasingly prosperous and complex China is to avoid crises. Avoiding crises requires both strategic political guidance of the market in order to avoid economic crises, and modernization of politics in order to avoid societal crises. Government must ensure that the economic base is broadened, that citizens are not exposed to excessive risk by market forces, and that inputs and outputs of production do not degrade or exhaust the environment. Meanwhile, the diversification of Chinese society requires political modernization, including comprehensive expansion of the rule of law, transparency, active citizen participation, and democratization within the Party. While these two directions of reform are different, they depend on one another for their success in the long term.展开更多
文摘The urban developments have been carried out by only professionals for a long time because of efficiency and safety. However, most residents are ordinary people. Therefore, it is necessary to change the awareness of sustainable living environments, not only on the construction side but also the residents. In recent years, the number of cases of residents＇ participation in planning, maintaining, and repairing increased. However, sometimes youths and children, who might spend a lifetime longer than adults in a city after the developments have been done, are not included in this ＂Residents＂. Conceming youth and children＇s participation, CFC （child friendly city） is one of the good practices for sustainable development. It was launched by UNICEF （United Nations Intemational Children＇s Emergency Fund） and UN-Habitat in the Habitat II in 1996. City governments, especially in European countries, started to view CFC as their key concept for preservation and/or sustainable development. CFC means not only being ＂Children＂ friendly but also ＂All people＂ friendly. Various effects have been reported since the Historic Cities/districts included CFC in their city planning as a common concept, especially in education, community re-development, and operation and maintenance by the community. It is expected that better city planning in preservation and sustainable development can be achieved by adding CFC concept. In this research, an ideal way of city planning involving resident participation and the possibility in the future are analyzed based on case studies. Then a strategy of sustainable development and community planning involving youth and children＇s participation is proposed.
基金Supported by the Key Medical Science and Technology Development Projects of Nanjing City (ZKX08009)
文摘Objective To evaluate the current cornea donation awareness of tissue donors in the city of Nanjing, China Methods Altogether 2000 registered tissue donors in the Red Cross Eye Bank of Nanjing by the end of 2010 and 2000 control residents of Nanjing in February to June 2011 were randomly selected to par- ticipate in our field questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the understand- ing of cornea donation, the attitude toward cornea donation, and attitude toward legislation and free dona- tion. The awareness of cornea donation between the registered tissue donors and residents was compared. Related factors of the willingness to donate corneas and to become a tissue donor were evaluated with uni- variate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 1867 （response rate： 93.4%） tissue donors and 1796 （response rate： 89.8%; ef- fective questionnaires： 1697） residents participated in this survey. For the questions about the knowledge of cornea donation, 90.3% tissue donors （residents： 78.9%） knew that donated corneas could be used for transplantations; 71.2% tissue donors （residents： 47.6%） knew that the appearance would not be destroyed after cornea donation; 70.7% tissue donors （residents： 20.0%） knew the formalities to become a cornea do- nor. For attitude toward cornea donation, 82.2% tissue donors （residents： 45.1%） were willing to donate corneas or eyeballs after death; 84.0% tissue donors （residents： 30.2%） had discussed with their families about donation; 85.1% tissue donors （residents： 24.8%） supported their families＇ or friends＇ cornea donation For attitude toward legislation and free donation, 88.3% tissue donors （residents： 61.3%） approved of legis- lation to regular cornea donation; 72.2% tissue donors （residents： 38.8%） thought that cornea or organ do- nation should be gratis. The difference between two groups was significant （P〈0.001）. However, some tissue donors did not know cornea donation well, some even opposed the legislation of cornea donation and free donation protocol. For the factors influencing the willingness to donate corneas, population was the mostrelevant factor （P〈0.O01）, since tissue donors were more willing to donate corneas than residents. Other significantly related factor were age, gender, occupation, and education level （P〈0.001 ）, while political status or religion were not significant. For the factors related to becoming a tissue donor, older age, male, white-collars （including white-collar, civil servant, teacher, soldier, lawyer, salesman, healthcare provider）, higher education level, party members （including the Chinese Communist Party members, democratic party members, and the CommunistYouth League members） （P〈0.05）. Conclusions The registered tissue donors have better understanding and more positive attitude to- wards cornea donation than control residents do. They approve of the legislation of cornea donation and free donation protocol. It may be more effective to target the population of over 58 years old, male, white-collars, well-educated people, and party members in the promotion of cornea donation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41071066)the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951704)the Dissertation Fellowship of the Peking University-Lincoln Institute Center for Urban Development and Land Policy
文摘The implementation of pasture contracting policies in the Tibetan Plateau has been of widespread concern in the scientific community and related government departments. Studying the effects of the implementation of pasture contracting policies will help us understand herders' attitudes toward those policies and to amend existing policies effectively.This paper analyzes 135 herder families' grazing management behavior using participatory rural appraisal(PRA), quantitative analysis and a Logistic regression model in three townships of Nagqu County in remote areas of the Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that the herders have become settled and are no longer nomadic, so the settlement project has basically been completed and the policy of contracting for grazing rights is being gradually implemented in Nagqu County. Since the grazing rights and pastures were under contract, group-based management has been widely accepted in this area, which helps the herders deal with constraints, such as limited pasture area, a small grazing radius, controlled family animal husbandry and an uneven distribution of water. The herders that have more family members available for labor, higher proportion of family members with good health, and higher income from animal husbandry tend to choose household-based management.Herders tend to choose group-based management when higher quality winter pastures are available.
文摘Global governance is often equated with international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank that were established after World War II to address problems transcending national borders. While these institutions incorporate norms of representative democracy that evolved in national societies, their legitimacy is often questioned on grounds of limited effectiveness and remoteness from the citizens they purportedly serve. The arguments of many democratic theorists that deliberation among ordinary citizens can legitimize policies that heed these views thus bear important implications for global governance. In this paper, the possibility and different ways that civil society enhancing public participation, transparency and accountability in global governance are addressed. The empirical focus will be on the world＇s first global deliberation--WWViews （world wide views on global warming） that was held in 38 countries with all inhabited continents in 2009. The social drivers that encourage innovation in global democratic governance are analysed, as the main successes and challenges of WWViews and sketch three scenarios of the future of deliberative global governance are based on the experiences and plans around global citizen participation. The authors argue that despite some challenges, such as ensuring high quality of deliberation in highly variant policy cultural contexts and building policy pathways conducive to political impact, the prospects of deliberation in helping solve global environmental and policy problems are high, and likely to see cumulative progress in the near future.
文摘Because China has been uniquely successful in pursuing maximum growth and political stability, it now faces new challenges of sustainability. The essence of sustainable development in an increasingly prosperous and complex China is to avoid crises. Avoiding crises requires both strategic political guidance of the market in order to avoid economic crises, and modernization of politics in order to avoid societal crises. Government must ensure that the economic base is broadened, that citizens are not exposed to excessive risk by market forces, and that inputs and outputs of production do not degrade or exhaust the environment. Meanwhile, the diversification of Chinese society requires political modernization, including comprehensive expansion of the rule of law, transparency, active citizen participation, and democratization within the Party. While these two directions of reform are different, they depend on one another for their success in the long term.
