The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Instit...The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.展开更多
Every developing country has to meet the challenge of overcoming a condition of subalterrnity. After the victory of the Revolution in 1959, Cuba tackled this challenge in a very original way, prioritizing the developm...Every developing country has to meet the challenge of overcoming a condition of subalterrnity. After the victory of the Revolution in 1959, Cuba tackled this challenge in a very original way, prioritizing the development of scientific and technical know-how and of an advanced scientific system. Moreover, it pursued this goal with an extremely open attitude, using characteristic Cuban resourcefulness while at the same time taking advantage of every possible support and collaboration. While the country was increasingly integrated into the Soviet system and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance （COMECON）, and therefore benefited from a close collaboration with the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries＇ higher education and scientific systems, nevertheless it constantly sought collaboration with scientists and institutions in other countries as well, in particular in the Western world. The most meaningful instance of this collaboration is the development since the 1980s of an advanced biotechnological and biomedical system, which was created independently by the Soviet Union. Quite remarkably, when the socialist system collapsed, though Cuba faced a critical situation, the strategic choice was made not to cut support to this scientific sector, but rather to reinforce it. At present Cuba produces and exports advanced and in some cases unique vaccines and drugs, and this sector ranks as third in the country＇s source of current hard currency.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To supply literature for developing an international standard of auricular acupuncture points. METHODS： Electronic database searches were con- ducted in the Chinese National Knowledge Infra- structure and...OBJECTIVE： To supply literature for developing an international standard of auricular acupuncture points. METHODS： Electronic database searches were con- ducted in the Chinese National Knowledge Infra- structure and VlP, and the Western databases, Pubmed, the National Science and Technology Li- brary, and the German Journal of Acupuncture, from 1990 to April, 2012. We also searched the doc- uments of international symposiums for auricular acupuncture points （AAPs）. Keywords were ＂auricu- lar points＂, ＂auricular acupuncture points＂, ＂ear points＂, or ＂auriculotherapy＂ RESULTS： Basic and clinical research on AAPs was performed in China, the United States, France, andGermany. Clinical AAP research was done in Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, the UK, Holland, Japan, Russia, and Africa. However, AAP research was not communicated internationally. The World Federa- tion of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies recom- mended international standard of auricular acu- puncture points （ISAAPs）. Standardized nomencla- ture and locations of AAPs would provide a solid basis to draft an international standard organiza- tion. CONCLUSION： Experts need to find common points from different countries or regions, provide evidence of different ideas, and list the proposal as a recommendation for an international standard.展开更多
文摘The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.
文摘Every developing country has to meet the challenge of overcoming a condition of subalterrnity. After the victory of the Revolution in 1959, Cuba tackled this challenge in a very original way, prioritizing the development of scientific and technical know-how and of an advanced scientific system. Moreover, it pursued this goal with an extremely open attitude, using characteristic Cuban resourcefulness while at the same time taking advantage of every possible support and collaboration. While the country was increasingly integrated into the Soviet system and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance （COMECON）, and therefore benefited from a close collaboration with the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries＇ higher education and scientific systems, nevertheless it constantly sought collaboration with scientists and institutions in other countries as well, in particular in the Western world. The most meaningful instance of this collaboration is the development since the 1980s of an advanced biotechnological and biomedical system, which was created independently by the Soviet Union. Quite remarkably, when the socialist system collapsed, though Cuba faced a critical situation, the strategic choice was made not to cut support to this scientific sector, but rather to reinforce it. At present Cuba produces and exports advanced and in some cases unique vaccines and drugs, and this sector ranks as third in the country＇s source of current hard currency.
基金Supported by a Grant of Key Technology Standard Promotion Project(No.2006BAK04A20)from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinaa Grant(No.2009B26)from the World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies
文摘OBJECTIVE： To supply literature for developing an international standard of auricular acupuncture points. METHODS： Electronic database searches were con- ducted in the Chinese National Knowledge Infra- structure and VlP, and the Western databases, Pubmed, the National Science and Technology Li- brary, and the German Journal of Acupuncture, from 1990 to April, 2012. We also searched the doc- uments of international symposiums for auricular acupuncture points （AAPs）. Keywords were ＂auricu- lar points＂, ＂auricular acupuncture points＂, ＂ear points＂, or ＂auriculotherapy＂ RESULTS： Basic and clinical research on AAPs was performed in China, the United States, France, andGermany. Clinical AAP research was done in Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, the UK, Holland, Japan, Russia, and Africa. However, AAP research was not communicated internationally. The World Federa- tion of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies recom- mended international standard of auricular acu- puncture points （ISAAPs）. Standardized nomencla- ture and locations of AAPs would provide a solid basis to draft an international standard organiza- tion. CONCLUSION： Experts need to find common points from different countries or regions, provide evidence of different ideas, and list the proposal as a recommendation for an international standard.
