中国创新链“国进民进”新格局的形成、障碍与突破路径

现阶段,无论是从国有企业国家战略定位的内在要求来看,还是从加快落实创新驱动发展战略的内在需求来看,以及从当前中国情景下国有和民营企业各自的能力特征和竞争优势来看,这些因素都决定了必须在中国创新领域打造国有和民营企业协同合作新局面的必要性,也决定了在中国创新领域以及创新链中打造"国进民进"新格局形成的重要性。为此,本文着重分析了在中国创新链的五大环节中所存在的诸多弊端以及国有和民营企业的各自合理定位,并探讨了如何在不同创新链环节构建国有和民营企业协同合作的可能模式和实施路径,在此基础上提出了本文应有的政策建议和今后可能的改革突破口。

基于私募股权投资的“国进民进”经济增长新模式探讨

"国进民退"是当前我国经济发展中遇到的一个问题。这很大程度上是由于民营经济发展困难重重,而发展私募股权投资,能够促进民营经济的发展。本文首先对私募股权投资作了概述,进而梳理了我国私募股权投资的发展历程,并对其存在的问题进行剖析,最后针对这些问题提出发展私募股权投资、形成"国进民进"经济增长模式的一些建议。

“国进民进”导向下私募股权投资促进经济发展问题探讨

本文在综合分析私募股权投资行为的基础上,以我国私募股权投资行业历史发展脉络为切入点,剖析了其存在的问题与发展局限,最后以"国进民进"为政策导向,提出了私募股权投资促进经济增长的策略建议。

须谨防在“国进”或“民进”掩护下的“官进”

本文认为退出竞争性、经营性领域的应该是政府,而不是国有企业,国有经济的主体地位决不意味着垄断,垄断领域也应引进竞争。而化解"政企不分"是决定改革成败的关键。在我国建设与完善社会主义市场经济的转轨时期,政企不分、政企难分的胶着状态下,国进民退或国退民进将随着经济演进而时有起伏,不足为怪。需要我们特别警惕的是:在"国进"或"民进"的旗号掩护下的"官进"。

中国创新链“国进民进”新格局的形成、障碍与突破路径

科学界定国有企业的功能,不仅是当前认识政府和市场合理边界的关键,也是推进国有企业深入改革的核心。目前,国有企业既被定位为中国经济发展的主导者,也成为各级政府推动和获得GDP短期快速增长的最为重要的抓手之一;既是执行和落实宏观经济调控政策的核心手段和重要宏观经济政策的传导机制,也是各级政府所积极实施产业政策的最大收益者。现阶段国有企业在一定程度上成为对政府和市场合理边界造成扭曲效应的重要因素。客观来看,无论是从国有企业国家战略定位的内在要求,还是从加快落实创新驱动发展战略的内在需求,以及当前国有和民营企业各自的能力特征和竞争优势,都决定了必须在中国创新领域打造国有和民营企业协同合作的新局面,在中国创新领域以及创新链中打造＂国进民进＂的重要格局。

中国放射性药物的发展现状及趋势

放射性药物是核医学发展的重要内容和精准医学的基石,为疾病的早期诊断、及时治疗提供了新的手段和途径。2021年6月,国家原子能机构、科技部、国家药品监督管理局等八部委发布《医用同位素中长期发展规划(2021-2035年)》(简称规划),对中国放射性药物的产业发展起到积极的推动作用,具有重要意义。本文主要综述规划发布以来我国医用同位素制备的研究进展以及在我国开展临床试验研究的新型放射性药物的最新进展,总结了我国放射性药物的申请和审批现状,并对放射性药物未来的发展方向提出了建议。

我国公交行业公私合作的实践、困境与对策

公交公私合作既是缓解财政压力、改善经营管理、推进政府公共管理改革的需要,也是公共物品理论、产权理论以及委托代理理论在公共服务市场化改革中的应用和实践。改革开放以来,我国公交公私合作经过初期尝试、探索迈进、改革热潮三个阶段后,出现了"民退国进"的逆民营化现象。国内外成功案例的经验表明,公交公私合作的成败和绩效受到体制环境和制度结构的影响和制约,需要有健全的市场机制和完善的立法、政府部门的大力支持和严格监督、专门的管理机构和专业化人才以及完善的财政补贴制度和风险分担机制。应完善相关政策法规,提高政府公共管理能力,提升依法监管水平,优化监管方法和手段,完善风险分担机制,以有效推进公交公私合作改革实践。

国企改革与“再国有化”反思

目前国企改革正处于停滞不前的困惑期,我们有必要从理论上进一步探析国企改革的一些重要问题。文章结合国企改革30年实践阐述了国企改革的目标、标准与本质问题。文章分析了改革30余年国企改革前后出现过的两个目标:一是让国企成为"自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束"的经济实体的目标违背国企本质特征;二是建立现代企业制度在逻辑上的问题。国企改革标准大体有三种:效益标准、产权标准、程序标准;这三种标准都不能用来判断国企改革的好坏与对错;相反,可能将改革引入歧途。国有企业的本质,应该是政府调控经济与社会的工具。当前国企开始逐步扩张,重新呈现出垄断市场之势的"再国有化"浪潮。文章在"国进民退"探源的基础上,分析了"国进民退"现象的历史轨迹和原因,辨析了"国进民退"争论中的代表性观点,认为"再国有化"的根源是缺乏对国企性质与国企功能的正确认识。国企改革与发展要进一步遵循市场经济原则,不能无边界的发展,不能成为市场经济的主角。

In Vitro Fertilization of Angiosperms-10-Year Effort in China

This review gives a brief retrospect to the development on in vitro fertilization (IVF) of angiosperms in China. During the last decade Chinese scientists put great enthusiasm and efforts on IVF system construction and built up notable contributions to the flourish of this field. Keeping pace with international development and participating international cooperation in the field of IVF, Chinese scientists have now focused on the investigation of basic mechanism relevant to possible gamete interaction, egg cell activation and early embryogenesis by IVF. In vitro manipulation techniques are combined with cytological and molecular biological approaches to unveil the double fertilization mysteries.

Does Environmental Regulation Weaken Industrial Competitiveness?Inspirations from China’s Iron and Steel Sector

China＇s economic growth is heavily influenced by exports, while reconciling environmental regulation and economic growth requires handling the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness well. The effects of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness are largely subject to the institutional design of environmental regulation. Despite numerous studies on the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness, a consensus has yet to be reached. Aside from differences in research methodology, these studies failed to give sufficient consideration to the impact of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness. Such effects can be negative or positive depending on the design of environmental regulatory policy. This paper has investigated the relationship between environmental regulation and the competitiveness of China＇s iron and steel industry and discovered that tighter environmental regulation does not diminish the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry since the policy design of environmental regulation accommodates the tolerance of advanced production capacity and includes a reasonable cost sharing mechanism. This discovery is of important reference for China to develop rational policy design to balance the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness.

China’s Agricultural Modernization Strategy towards 2035

China’s agricultural modernization drive has made steady progress with great achievements.After six decades of development,China has reached the mid-stage of agricultural modernization.By the average pace of recent years,China is poised to attain agricultural and rural modernization by 2035,but progress will vary considerably across regions and sectors.A transition towards an agricultural powerhouse is the only path towards agricultural modernization.Being a large agricultural producer,China has yet to qualify as an agricultural powerhouse in terms of agricultural sufficiency,competitiveness,innovation,and sustainability.From the mid-and long-term perspective,our agricultural modernization should proceed in light of China’s rural reform experience,focusing on food security,agricultural industry,green transition,and agri-tech.With a regionally differentiated approach,China should aim to basically achieve agricultural and rural modernization in about 15 years and complete the transition towards an agricultural powerhouse in 20 years from 2020.

China’s Import of Wastes and Its Implications

The trade of wastes in the world has been increasing and China has become the largest importer of wastes. This paper examines the import trend of different wastes and finds out that the total import volume to China approved by the Chinese government keeps increasing and the illegal trade can not be banned despite repeated prohibitions; therefore, China is not only "a world factory", but actually "a global garbage dump". In order to well understand the implications of wastes import, this paper further analyzes the resource and environmental ef- fects and risks of different wastes imports as well as the strong driving force of wastes imports. Based on these detailed analysis and solid data, policy recommendations are put forward to reduce the demand for raw materials, to further strengthen the inspection of and supervision over the international trade of the wastes that can be used as raw materials by using the life cycle analysis and risk analysis, to improve the environmental standards and strengthen the disposal capacity, to re-export the raw materials produced from the imported wastes, to develop the long-term planning for the import of wastes and to promote international cooperation.

The eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization process

Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization.Based on the China's economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006,the ecological footprint,eco-logical footprint intensity,ecological deficit and surplus,and eco-environment quality com-prehensive index are calculated,the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization in 2030 is forecasted.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint,negative linear relation between ur-banization and ecological footprint intensity,ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index.(2) By 2030,the urbanization level will reach 61.32%,the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×108 hm2 and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×108 hm2.(3) Under the existing urban development pattern,the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years.Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China's urbanization process.

China’s Service Sector towards 2035:Outlook,Strategic Position and Policy Advice

China is setting out on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects after achieving moderate prosperity.Modern services are an important part of China’s economy,underpinning China’s development towards a great modern socialist country.Globalization,industrial development,urbanization,innovation and income growth will drive China’s service sector development.By 2035,the service sector will account for 60.98%and 59.12%of total value-added and employment,respectively,and labor productivity in the service sector will rise from 145,500 yuan/person in 2019 to 282,300 yuan/person.The Fifth Plenum of the 19th CPC Central Committee called for“basically achieving the vision of socialist modernization by 2035.”According to the CPC Central Committee’s overall arrangements for the 2035 vision,we must identify a clear strategic position and tasks for the development of modern services as a key element of the modern industrial system,enhance service sector competitiveness,and achieve service sector modernization.To achieve this strategic goal,we must promote digitalized,intelligent,platform-based,standardized,and quality-oriented service sector development.We must give play to the decisive role of the market and the macro-regulatory role of the government in spurring service innovation,industry integration and clustering,and service sector reform and openness.

Historical Evolution of Mariculture in China During Past 40 Years and Its Impacts on Eco-environment

The rapid development of mariculture in China in recent decades has satisfied people's demand of seafood, and has made a great contribution to economic development. However, mariculture has also caused some negative impacts on the eco-environment. By statistically analyzing national data(as well as data for four main provinces) regarding the mariculture area and cultivation species in China since reform and opening up, the historical evolution of mariculture during the past 40 years was analyzed, the driving factors related to policy, market and technology innovation were discussed, and the potential impacts of mariculture on the coastal eco-environment were also illustrated. The statistical results indicated that the maricultural area increased radically during the past 40 years, from 1979(116.47 × 10~3 ha) to 2012(2205.65 × 10~3 ha), with an increase of nearly 20-fold. Shandong Province represented the fastest-growing region, with an increase of 31-fold. Moreover, the cultivated species had gradually become diversified. Initially, shellfish and algae were major species, and then it developed to various species including fish, and currently shellfish and crustaceans were the major species. The development of mariculture was driven by government policies, market economy and technology innovation. Rapid development of mariculture also caused significantly adverse impacts on the eco-environment of the coastal regions. For example, the sea reclamation for mariculture decreased the area and function of coastal wetlands and the contaminants originating from mariculture destroyed the coastal aquatic environment. Fortunately, the implementation of ‘13 th Five-Year Fisheries Planning' is expected to help both improve the seafood quality and reduce the contamination in coastal aquatic environment. This current study will provide reference for management and structure adjustment of mariculture in the future.

Comparison of the Evolution of Genetically Modified Food Safety Policies between the United States and the European Union

With the research on and development of Genetically Modified Food （GMF）, people＇s attitude toward GMF may fall into two divergent categories, typical- ly represented by the United States（US） and the European Union（EU）, respectively. The former follows a ＂sound science principle＂ and firmly objects to the precautionary principle, namely a permissive policy of positive support of and voluntary labelling on GMF; while the latter adopts a cautiously precautionary principle, requiring mandatory labelling and traceability. From the standpoint of regulatory principles, together with corresponding supervisory measures and relevant provisions, this paper compared the execution of directives and provisions on GMF from the initial policies enacted by the US and EU to current situation combined with the track and analysis of latest polic ies issued.

A Biosystematic Study on Asplenium sarelii Complex

The series Variantia Ching et S. H. Wu mainly occur in China and its members are highly variable in morphology. The denomination on this group of Asplenium is very confused in the herbaria. We hop e by means of a biosystematic study to find out their genetic relationships in the reticulate evolution, and to raise a suggestion on their taxonomic treatment. Evidence from cytology, allozyme, morphology, and palynology shows that three ancestor diploids have formed Asplenium sarelii complex comprising 13 members. A. sarelii Hook. should be typified as a diploid. The so-called tetraploid 'A. sarelii' before is an allotetraploid that comes from the doubled hybrid between diploid A. sarelii and A. tenuicaule Hayata, which should be treated as a new species A. wudangense Z. R. Wang et X. Hou. A. pekinense Hance is an autotetraploid that comes from the doubled diploid ancestor A. sarelii. A. lushanense C. Chr., a diploid species and the only ancestor of A. yunnariense group, should not been sunk as a synonym of tetraploid A. yunnariense Franch. Most probably, A. varians Wall. ex Hook. et Grev. is an autotetraploid of A. tenuicaule Hayata. Three new natural tetraploid hybrids and their origins have been found out: they are A. x longmenense ( = A. pekinense x varians), A. x jingyunense ( = A. pekinense x yunnanense) and A. x kidoi ( = A. pekinense x wudangense). Three other new natural triploid hybrids have been found and their origins have been inferred: they are A. X huawuense ( = A. sarelii X wudangense), A. x luyunense ( = A. lushanense x yunnanense) and A. x teniuvaians ( = A. tenuicaule x varians). The method of allozyme comparion combined with cytological observation is employed to reveal the complicated relationships among the members of Asplenium sarelii complex in reticulate evolution and proved to be a highly effective tool to investigate the origin of polyploid and hybrid.

China Crude Oil Imports and Oil Market-oriented Reform

Crude oil imports in China are mainly carried out by state-owned entities with non state-owned entities as compliment. Crude imported by 5 state-owned entities accounts for 90% of the total imports, while non state-owned entities are about given more freedom in using and importing crude. In 2015 only, there were 13 compauies graftted rcritlt access to imported crude oil and 6welv qualiied to import rights. Currently, there are 29 non-state-owned companies engaging in crude import business. China oil market is .faced with severe challenges. Ttre growth rate of oil demand declined, and dependence upon imported oil increased and reached as high as 61.26% in 2015. Refined oil demand growth also slowed down, and oil refining overcapacity got prominent and completion wouht become fiercer＂ in future. Overcapacity was about 140 million toils per year in 2015. Consumption ratio of diesel to gasoline went on declining, and ttre task of product structure adjustment was heavy. China oil market is undergoing great transformation, and institutional mechanism zoill go ahead, on the basis of centering on orderly release of limitations on crude oil and refined oil import and export, orderly release of competitive business arrd government pricing of oil/gas downstream links, vigorous resolving of overcapacity, strengthening low-carbon development, and laying a solid foundation.for guarantee.

Urban Three-dimensional Expansion and Its Driving Forces——A Case Study of Shanghai,China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase,and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization.Taking Shanghai as an example,the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city's vertical and horizontal increases respectively,and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion.The research drew following conclusions:1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature,and could be divided into three stages:vertical expansion in dominance,coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion,and horizontal expansion in dominance.2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs,but the changing speed of the latter was faster.And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city's horizontal expansion,while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion.Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city's political factors.

陈立夫与战时国防科学技术策进会研究

国防科学技术策进会由顾毓琇最初倡议,在蒋介石的推动下于1942年末成立。时任教育部长的陈立夫积极活动,意欲使之成为由其掌控的科学研究实体机构。该会组织章程草案历经数度更改,最后“定位为社会团体”。由于在职掌及工作内容和方式上都与最初的设想发生了巨大的变化,实际上从成立之日起就处于边缘化的地位。虽然在科学家们的努力之下该会也取得了一定的成绩,发挥了相当作用,但是由于战时环境艰难以及经费不足等原因,策进会的工作受到各种制约而“壮志难酬”。