可持续发展中的国际利益冲突及其协调机制创新研究

国际环境问题的特点之一就是任何一个国家的环境退化都会影响到另一个国家的福利 ,这种越境环境影响要求通过多边合作加以解决 ,没有这种合作 ,各国将需要更多资金才能解决问题 ,造成资源浪费。因此 ,首要问题是设计出一种有效的刺激机制 ,使各个国家的利益达到一定程度的兼容性 ,促使有关方面合作。切实有效地保护环境的具体措施是 :环境规范的统一 ;合理运用“绿色壁垒”政策 ;提供资金和技术方面的援助 ;建立“环境服务”市场 ;完善“承诺和检查”制度 ,在一定限度范围内实施债务与自然互换。

Kuhnian Understanding of Incommensurability and Implications of Paradigmatic Conception of Knowledge in International Relations

In international relations theory （maybe more than in any other discipline of social sciences）, the paradigmatic construction of Thomas Kuhn and his model of incommensurability might be applied to the theoretical interpretation of phenomena; and it is one of the cornerstones of the methodological toolkit for the interpretation in this field. The paper explores the reason why Kuhn＇s understanding of incommensurability seems to be necessary for the conception of knowledge in international relations： the concept of incommensurability can be considered typical as it is meant to indicate a conflict, of one form or another, between theories. And the discipline of international relations is more than a perfect ground for considering this concept when one is having in mind the high degree of polarized debate among rivalry theoretical schools （for interpreting and describing the identical phenomena） that is present from the very beginning of the discipline. Recalling the Kuhnian conception of science in paradigmatic view with an aim for understanding--international relations theory, the paper analyzes furthermore his rejection of the traditional dichotomy between “objectivisn”and ＂subjectivism.＂