Drought tolerant analysis using carbon isotopes discrimination could be useful tool to decide a genotype with high adaptation to drought. A pot culture experiment was conducted in glass house at the IAEA （Internation...Drought tolerant analysis using carbon isotopes discrimination could be useful tool to decide a genotype with high adaptation to drought. A pot culture experiment was conducted in glass house at the IAEA （International Atomic Energy Agency） laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria to analyze drought tolerant of wheat genotype using carbon isotopes discrimination technique. Four wheat genotypes viz., LU-26s, Bhittai, Roshan, Taifu, were tested. There were two treatments： Control （normal irrigation） and Drought （@ 30% field capacity of the control treatment）. Drought treatment was imposed after two weeks of germination. The experiment was continued up to 10 weeks after germination and was terminated at flowering stage. The data were recorded in terms of plant height, number of tillers, shoot dry weight and carbon isotopic ratio （δ）. Results showed that genotype LU-26s was found to have best performance under drought condition, with minimum decrease in the growth parameters i.e., plant height, number of tillers and shoot dry weight. High CID （carbon isotopes discrimination） values were also observed in genotype LU-26s, showing close positive correlation between SDW （shoot dry weight） and CID. It is therefore concluded that carbon isotopes discrimination can be an important criterion for the selection of wheat genotypes for drought prone areas.展开更多
This paper deals with the applicability of human rights in general and of third-generation human right in particular. It offers an explanation of the pathetic status of human rights and suggests an alternative approac...This paper deals with the applicability of human rights in general and of third-generation human right in particular. It offers an explanation of the pathetic status of human rights and suggests an alternative approach towards ＂third-generation＂ human rights, i.e., the rights of communities. It argues that since an immanent dichotomy exists between the political aspect of human rights--the fact that their addressee is the state government--and their universal aspect, i.e., the fact that they belong to everyone and their fulfillment is demanded by international bodies, very often their possessors cannot capitalize them. Third-generation human rights encounter additional problems. Very often their respondent--the state government----cannot comply with their demands, and according to the Kantian principle ＂Ought Implies Can,＂ they should be addressed towards someone who can in fact fulfill them. This article thus suggests addressing third-generation human rights towards the international community. This may exclude them from the current category of human rights, and create the need to establish a new category such as Community Rights. Such classification may bear the advantage of making these rights more applicable and accessible than they are at present.展开更多
The radiological characterization is to determine the type, the distribution and the radioactivity of the radionuclide in the reactor by investigation of the information, instrumentation detection, sampling analyses a...The radiological characterization is to determine the type, the distribution and the radioactivity of the radionuclide in the reactor by investigation of the information, instrumentation detection, sampling analyses and theoretical calculation. It is used for determination of the decommissioning implementation option and radiological protection measure of the workers. After completion of the decommissioning it is used for determination of the site release. The radiological characterization should go through whole decommissioning process, which includes： the collection and review of historical file, the performing calculation of radionuclide inventory in the reactor, in situ measurement, sampling analyses, the review and evaluation of the data obtained and the comparison of calculated result with measured date etc.. The special attention should be paid to the radiological characterization information from the key part of reactor in decommissioning end state. The sampling from the ＂hot spot＂ should not be lost; the number of the sampling should be reasonable based on reliable statistics. The radioactivity density for site release should comply with the guide, standard and regulation of International Atomic Energy Agency and China.展开更多
The seismic hazard value is a fundamental quantity for the seismic risk assessment and for the determination of terms of references of seismic design of important facilities as dams, chemical plants, nuclear power pla...The seismic hazard value is a fundamental quantity for the seismic risk assessment and for the determination of terms of references of seismic design of important facilities as dams, chemical plants, nuclear power plants, etc.. In real sites, the seismic hazard value is influenced by both, the earthquake sizes, the impacts of which in a given site may be expected, and the properties of geological structure through which seismic waves spread from earthquake loci to a given site. The seismic risk is predetermined by hazard value, distribution of assets in the given site and asset numbers and vulnerabilities. The paper describes the used procedure of hazard assessment of important sites. The attention is especially paid to the basic steps as the data collection （homogeneity level, uncertainty and vagueness）, the focal region boundaries （their uncertainties and vagueness）, and the maximum expected earthquake size in each focal region that must be taken into account （its uncertainty and vagueness）, because they substantially influence the hazard value. Discussion is also concentrated to the attenuation that Central Europe substantially depends on the azimuth between earthquake focus and the given site. The attenuation differences are shown in seismic scenarios for individual focal regions. They are caused by focal mechanisms in near focal zone and differences in structure properties in distant zone; the boundary between near and distant zone in Central Europe is ca 2.5 h, where h is the focal depth in km. The real results are given for a real locality in Central Europe. It is shown than that great influence on hazard value is caused by great differences in azimuth attenuation curves. It is the reality that the Bohemian Massif is characterised with very low seismic attenuation in comparison with its vicinity. The following real results are presented： geological structure of near site vicinity, earthquake catalogue for Central Europe, focal regions in Central Europe, attenuation curves in Central Europe, typical earthquake isoseismals for individual focal regions, frequency graph, recurrence probability curve, etc.. The approaches used for nuclear facilities were recommended by the IAEA （International Atomic Energy Agency）.展开更多
China＇s insistence on the non-interference principle has been increasingly inconsistent. While China＇s concern with sovereignty, regime security, and legitimacy, as well as its developing country identity, have push...China＇s insistence on the non-interference principle has been increasingly inconsistent. While China＇s concern with sovereignty, regime security, and legitimacy, as well as its developing country identity, have pushed it to continue its insistence on the principle of non-interference, China＇s further adaptation to the international system, increasing engagement in intemational institutions, and new identity as a responsible power have led China to drag its feet on the same principle. To reconcile these competing forces, China has to make concessions, namely, setting preconditions to legitimize intervention, designing a sovereignty-first solution, and/or complementing the non-interference principle with alternative principles. China＇s application of the non-interference principle has thus been made contingent. It is more inflexible at one end of a spectrum and more flexible at the other end, with China＇s foreign policies shifting back and forth between them.展开更多
文摘Drought tolerant analysis using carbon isotopes discrimination could be useful tool to decide a genotype with high adaptation to drought. A pot culture experiment was conducted in glass house at the IAEA （International Atomic Energy Agency） laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria to analyze drought tolerant of wheat genotype using carbon isotopes discrimination technique. Four wheat genotypes viz., LU-26s, Bhittai, Roshan, Taifu, were tested. There were two treatments： Control （normal irrigation） and Drought （@ 30% field capacity of the control treatment）. Drought treatment was imposed after two weeks of germination. The experiment was continued up to 10 weeks after germination and was terminated at flowering stage. The data were recorded in terms of plant height, number of tillers, shoot dry weight and carbon isotopic ratio （δ）. Results showed that genotype LU-26s was found to have best performance under drought condition, with minimum decrease in the growth parameters i.e., plant height, number of tillers and shoot dry weight. High CID （carbon isotopes discrimination） values were also observed in genotype LU-26s, showing close positive correlation between SDW （shoot dry weight） and CID. It is therefore concluded that carbon isotopes discrimination can be an important criterion for the selection of wheat genotypes for drought prone areas.
文摘This paper deals with the applicability of human rights in general and of third-generation human right in particular. It offers an explanation of the pathetic status of human rights and suggests an alternative approach towards ＂third-generation＂ human rights, i.e., the rights of communities. It argues that since an immanent dichotomy exists between the political aspect of human rights--the fact that their addressee is the state government--and their universal aspect, i.e., the fact that they belong to everyone and their fulfillment is demanded by international bodies, very often their possessors cannot capitalize them. Third-generation human rights encounter additional problems. Very often their respondent--the state government----cannot comply with their demands, and according to the Kantian principle ＂Ought Implies Can,＂ they should be addressed towards someone who can in fact fulfill them. This article thus suggests addressing third-generation human rights towards the international community. This may exclude them from the current category of human rights, and create the need to establish a new category such as Community Rights. Such classification may bear the advantage of making these rights more applicable and accessible than they are at present.
文摘The radiological characterization is to determine the type, the distribution and the radioactivity of the radionuclide in the reactor by investigation of the information, instrumentation detection, sampling analyses and theoretical calculation. It is used for determination of the decommissioning implementation option and radiological protection measure of the workers. After completion of the decommissioning it is used for determination of the site release. The radiological characterization should go through whole decommissioning process, which includes： the collection and review of historical file, the performing calculation of radionuclide inventory in the reactor, in situ measurement, sampling analyses, the review and evaluation of the data obtained and the comparison of calculated result with measured date etc.. The special attention should be paid to the radiological characterization information from the key part of reactor in decommissioning end state. The sampling from the ＂hot spot＂ should not be lost; the number of the sampling should be reasonable based on reliable statistics. The radioactivity density for site release should comply with the guide, standard and regulation of International Atomic Energy Agency and China.
文摘The seismic hazard value is a fundamental quantity for the seismic risk assessment and for the determination of terms of references of seismic design of important facilities as dams, chemical plants, nuclear power plants, etc.. In real sites, the seismic hazard value is influenced by both, the earthquake sizes, the impacts of which in a given site may be expected, and the properties of geological structure through which seismic waves spread from earthquake loci to a given site. The seismic risk is predetermined by hazard value, distribution of assets in the given site and asset numbers and vulnerabilities. The paper describes the used procedure of hazard assessment of important sites. The attention is especially paid to the basic steps as the data collection （homogeneity level, uncertainty and vagueness）, the focal region boundaries （their uncertainties and vagueness）, and the maximum expected earthquake size in each focal region that must be taken into account （its uncertainty and vagueness）, because they substantially influence the hazard value. Discussion is also concentrated to the attenuation that Central Europe substantially depends on the azimuth between earthquake focus and the given site. The attenuation differences are shown in seismic scenarios for individual focal regions. They are caused by focal mechanisms in near focal zone and differences in structure properties in distant zone; the boundary between near and distant zone in Central Europe is ca 2.5 h, where h is the focal depth in km. The real results are given for a real locality in Central Europe. It is shown than that great influence on hazard value is caused by great differences in azimuth attenuation curves. It is the reality that the Bohemian Massif is characterised with very low seismic attenuation in comparison with its vicinity. The following real results are presented： geological structure of near site vicinity, earthquake catalogue for Central Europe, focal regions in Central Europe, attenuation curves in Central Europe, typical earthquake isoseismals for individual focal regions, frequency graph, recurrence probability curve, etc.. The approaches used for nuclear facilities were recommended by the IAEA （International Atomic Energy Agency）.
文摘China＇s insistence on the non-interference principle has been increasingly inconsistent. While China＇s concern with sovereignty, regime security, and legitimacy, as well as its developing country identity, have pushed it to continue its insistence on the principle of non-interference, China＇s further adaptation to the international system, increasing engagement in intemational institutions, and new identity as a responsible power have led China to drag its feet on the same principle. To reconcile these competing forces, China has to make concessions, namely, setting preconditions to legitimize intervention, designing a sovereignty-first solution, and/or complementing the non-interference principle with alternative principles. China＇s application of the non-interference principle has thus been made contingent. It is more inflexible at one end of a spectrum and more flexible at the other end, with China＇s foreign policies shifting back and forth between them.
